How the Cold War Started Essay

The ground forces and the USSR were consort during institution fight Two, however they were not natural allies. The seeds of hostility among the USA and the USSR began after World War Two, the period that followed is known as the Cold War. The reason for it world called a cold war is due to the f snatch that no physical war took place among the two countries. Many factors fuelled the tension in the midst of the USA and USSR, all of which can divide into three categories the harness race, easterly europium and ideologies.An arms race is a aspiration among nations for superiority in the organic evolution and accumulation of weapons. Historians believe that the arms race was the most prominent factor causing tensions. The significant twist point of the USA and USSRs relationship, and trigger up to nowt to the arms race, was the bombing of Japan. In August 1945, the USA dropped two atomic bombs on Japan. Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed and thousands of people died. The bombs were the most powerful weapons invented. The fact that the USA had not informed their ally, the USSR, before dropping the bombs created suspicion from the USSR. Russia did not give birth any bombs and this meant that the USA could potentially endeavor the Soviet Union and they could not do a thing to prevent it.Adding to the tensions, both the USA and USSR have contradicting views on the reasons behind the bombs. In the USAs posture, any weapon that would bring an end to war and save a million casualties among American boys was justified the A-bomb would be successful says the US monument of state James Byrne. However, the USSR thought that the purpose of the bombings was to intimidate another(prenominal) countries, in the view of Russian historiographer Vadim Nekrasov.This debate view reflects their mutual feelings for each other. The USSR felt the need two surpass the USA on arms and so in August 1949, the USSR have their own A-bomb. The increase in weapons and co mpetition all over legions might was signly begun by the USA to contain communism. The USSR dictum the increase in weapons and competition as a curse and felt the need to match or even surpass it. adept nation felt the need that if the other were to have nuclear weapons of mass destruction, they should be able to countervail any possible action with their own stockpiles of weapons. The two countries had contrasting viewpoints and could neer see eye to eye. This escape of trust and continuous suspicion created unnecessary tension and further disabled any relationships to be fixed.In April 1949, the trade union Atlantic Treaty Organisation was created. It was a military alliance of the US, Canada and nations of westsideern Europe against the terror of communistic expansion. The USSR saw this as a threat and so in response, six years later, the USSR created an antidote to this, being the Warsaw Pact. The Warsaw Pact was a mutual defence treaty between octette communist s tates in Europe. The USSR saw NATO as a threat as Article 5 of the hire mentioned The parties agree to an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or North America shall be considered an attack against them all. In response, the USSRs Warsaw Pact stated in the event of an armed attack in Europe, one or several states render the state(s) immediate help by all the means it may consider necessary including the use of armed forces.Both the nations saw these as threats as they showed that each oppose nation was ready to attack when necessary. This heightened the climate of suspicion between them. Within the cold war, things almost turned hot. In 1950, the Korean War took place. The North Koreans (backed by the Soviets) invaded southwest Korea (backed by the USA). This event was a war between the Capitalists and Communists but took place between two almost- cock nations with the USA and USSR pulling the strings in parliamentary law to avoid war with each other. The Korean War as a complete breakdown in communication between the two and led to even more tension.The fact that both nations felt the necessity to surpass the other was evident in the plaza Race. In October 1957, the USSR launched the Sputnik satellite into orbit well-nigh the earth. The USA required reassurance of their power and threat direct as they realised if the USSR could send technology into space, it would be easy for them to send technology (possibly nuclear weapons) around the globe. They matched the USSR by putting a satellite into orbit in January 1958. This desire to surpass one another and press release to extreme lengths to prove their worth showed the other that they were not willing to give up and were exceedingly resolute to be the best nuclear power in the world. The arms race was a seemingly never ending competition between the USA and the USSR as both nations needed to show discharge to the other and be the last nation left standing. As their persistence grew, so did their tensions.Others argue however, the Eastern European factors were the main set about of tension. Some could argue that sign tensions began at the Yalta and Potsdam conferences (1945) with the superpowers discussing and deciding the fates of the defeated nations of World War Two. The conferences themselves increased tensions as the powers disagreed over what should happen to Europe and Germany. The Soviets essentialed to move Polands borders to the West so that the USSRs borders could move into Poland. Stalin wanted to create a buffer zone so that Russia would be a satellite state and they could also react if ever attacked. Churchill expressed his views on Stalins motives to Roosevelt by saying The Soviet Union has become a danger to the relax world. A new drift es moveial be created as far east as possible before the armies of democracy melt. there were a tummy of disagreements at Potsdam over what to do about Germany.Stalin left his troops occupying Eastern Europe an countries. The USA disliked this as they detested communism, but now that the war had left them holding scads of land in Europe- much too much land (Clement Atlee, Britains Prime Minister), it would make it unmanageable for the USA to contain communism with the potential of communist expansion through Europe. The conferences sparked the tensions between the two, however, in June 1948, tensions cursorily increased. The Soviets cut off road and rail routes to West Berlin in hope that the allies would be squeeze to leave Berlin and that the capitalist toxin in Eastern Europe would be removed. The US saw this as the USSRs attempt to expand European communism and decrease European confidence in America.The USA counteracted this act by supplying necessities via airlift and moving their nuclear bomber force to England as a threat to Russia. Truman justified his actions in 1949 by saying We would act when freedom was threatened, and therefore undermined the USSRs actions as picturing it as a form of entrapment. The USSR and the USA both claimed their parts of Germany through dividing it. The Western allies turned their occupied zones into the Federal Republic of Germany and the Soviets set up the German Democratic Republic. Germany and Berlin were both split between the nations. Both the countries wanted to claim their land and used it to show how they were better. The need to show off created tensions as now the two nations were using land and the people in it to prove their worth.In 1961, tensions escalated to a new height. The USSR took their might a step further and built the Berlin Wall to stop communists escaping to the west. The wall was the last(a) straw of tension between the two nations. In an attempt to justify his decisions, Khrushchev stated we had no pickax to build the wall in order to maintain the freedom of East Berlin. There are more spies in West Berlin than anywhere else in the worldcausing sabotage and riot.However, from an outside and un biased perspective into the Berlin wall, a modern world textbook states the Wall was built to prevent the loss of many well up educated East Germans. This was bad publicity for the East and fabianism. This shows how far the USSR would go to make sure capitalism does not interfere with the Communist beliefs. He used his people and entrapped them in order to make Communism look good. Kennedy however, did not counteract Khrushchev as much as Truman and Roosevelt as he said Its not a nice solution, but a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war. Kennedy did not like what happened, but appeased.Contrary to the popular belief, tensions initially ignited as far back as 1917 during the Russian Civil War. Russias ruler Tsar was overthrown and so a provisional government was set up, however the Bolshevik party overthrew the government. The Bolshevik party face up oppositions known as the whites and there was a civil war. Foreign states including the USA got involved in order to stamp out the communist Bolsheviks and Russia saw this as an invasion of private affairs. The USA was Capitalist and believed in private ownerships and social mobility. The USSR was Communist and believed in complete equality for e trulyone and no private ownership. The two nations had highly contrasting ideologies and the difference in beliefs is what started the tensions in the first place. Churchill flagged up the problems with communist Russia through his Iron winding-sheet Speech in 1946. He stated an iron curtain has descended across the continent Cities and populations lie in The Soviet sphere and all are subject, not only to Soviet influence, but to a very high and, in many cases, increasing measure of carry from Moscow.Stalin simply said he was anxious for its (Soviet Union) future safety. The Western allies had a fear for the Communist expansion end-to-end Europe and wanted to contain communism. Truman stated it must be the policy of the United States to support free nations aga inst direct and indirect communist aggression in reference to the Containment Policy. The Truman Doctrine was the USAs initial attempt of containing communism. Greece and Turkey were each difference through a civil war the policy provided military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey as they were threatened by communist governments. In reference to the Truman Doctrine, Truman says Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-sustaining democracy. If we falter in our leadership, we may break the peace of the world. The fact that the Truman Doctrine aided the two countries made it less likely the countries would have communist governments.Russia could not control Turkey and Greece, thus not allowing them to expand their communist empire throughout Europe. In 1948, the marshal Plan was introduced The state of Europe post World War Two combined with the coldest winter on record reduced Europe to starvation. The USA became Europes hero as Marshall promised that Americans would do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic wellness in the world Marshall Aid took the form of fuel, raw materials, goods, loans, food, machinery and advisors and was only available to those nations willing to cooperate. The Soviets feared that act down Marshall Aid would cause unrest in their satellite countries and recognised that the USA were some selling their ideologies to the nations.The Cuban Missile Crisis in 1962 however was the most tension-dense event. Cuba was influenced by the USA and was a affair nation with them until Fidel Castro, a communist took over. He set up a communist government which panic-stricken the USA into stopping trade with them. Castro increasingly sought help through the Soviet Union. President Kennedy allowed supporters of Batista (Cubas previous leader) to attack Cuba but failed to gain support and were defeated by Castros men.Shipments of arms were sent to Cuba and the USA saw potential in atta cks. Kennedy did not want to use weapons against Cuba, but did not want to appear weak and so he decided to place a naval blockade around Cuba. This significantly heated tensions as the possibility of nuclear attack was at a new level and the nations were close to a war. The Soviet Foreign Minister, Gromyko saw the USAs attempts as an unrestrained anti-Cuban propaganda hunt down. Once again, the two nations lacked the capability of seeing eye to eye and had miscommunication faults.It could be argued that the contrasting ideologies were the underlying cause of tension and kept tensions alive and healthy throughout the 17 year period. The change in presidents and leaders changed the level of tensions. As opposed to Stalin, Khrushchev wanted to improve relations and opposed to Truman and Roosevelt, Kennedy was fairly passive (e.g. Berlin Wall). Without the initial friction created from the differences in ideologies, there would not have been an arms race or competition for control ove r Eastern Europe. Both countries aimed for peace, but their methods for peace were constantly viewed as threats due to the hatred of the opposing ideologies.Khrushchev believed the main thing is to argue without resort to arms and Kennedy believed a wall is a hell of a lot better than a war, showing that neither wanted to end up going to war and so both nations were in an arms race solely to prove their ideologies worth. The knowledge that the opposing nation wanted to expand their ideologies blinded the other and created them ignorant, hiding their ignorance through control over Europe and accumulation of nuclear arms. Overall, the contrast in ideologies was the factor which, throughout the cold war, created the foundation of and was the heart of tensions between the USA and USSR.