Fears in The Most Dangerous Game :: Most Dangerous Game Essays

Fears in The Most sedate Game ADM1 All around it was quiet. ADM2The birds were chirping and the leaves were blowing. Suddenly, a man fled from the brush, holding only a knife in his honest hand. After the fleeing man had ran some distance, another man came prohibited of the brush holding a revolver. This man walked calmly after the fleeing man not unbalanced that the he would escape. The old, erect man stopped, and loaded his revolver. He then took aim, shot a round and hit the fleeing man just as he morose around. The man dropped as he died instantly. The old man then walked over to the game he had just killed, grabbed the body by the shirt, and dragged the body into the brush. Richard Connells The Most risky Game is a story based on a man who thrives for hunting humansADM3. The way Connell wrote this short story reveals some characteristics about him. The Most Dangerous Game is a psychological story about the author facing and overcoming fear. ADM4 The generals eyes had le ft the ground and were traveling inch by inch up the tree. Rainsford froze there, every muscle tensed for a spring. But the sharp eyes of the hunter stopped before they reached the limb where Rainsford lay a smile interpenetrate over his brown face. This story is filled with the same type of fear Connell experienced in his life. Perhaps he felt hunted at one taper in his life and refractory he had to run away from all the pain and anger. For instance, his father may have been abusive to him, so he decided to run away from the fear of being emotionally as well as physically hurtADM5. Rainsford slid down the tree and struck off again into the woods... avocation the trail with the sureness of a bloodhound came General Zaroff. Connell ran and ran and ran, but no matter how far he ran, his fears were always behind him. Connell would soon figure out what to do. ADM6 Connell also showed the ability to overcome his fears. At the end of the story, Rainsford confronts Zaroff in Zaroffs o wn bedroom. Zaroff offers a truce, but Rainsford does not accept and they fight until the death. Rainsford had successfully faced Zaroff, his fear.ADM7 Connell is presentation that he overcame the fears he had in his life by facing them with confidence.

I Had to Fight to Read :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

It was summer, stinking hot in a small town and I was 15 and bored. The town librarian had been giving me grief since I was eleven and in the sixth grade, when she issued her first decree that I wasnt old enough to check surface what became the first of a long line of books I had to fight to read. It was also the first of many times when one or both of my parents trudged down to the program library to insist equally firmly that she had no right to restrict my choices as I had their permission to read whatever I wanted.   The summer of my thirtieth course was especially difficult for this poor beleaguered woman. Her worst day came when I insisted on checking out all of Proust, every one of Thomas Wolfes novels, and while I was at it, Joyces Ulysses as well. After all, I reasoned, I had two weeks to keep these books and I was a fast reader.   So I took them home, to the old iron glider under(a) the grape arbor, and I propped myself up on a bunch of pillows and dug in wit h the same glee most people reserve for hot alter sundaes. I fanned the pages and decided to read Look Homeward, Angel first because I like the way all those words leapfrogged over each other on every single page. Wow The exuberant rush and gush of all those words The torrent was overwhelming, the words blurred, I was losing the meaning. I knew I had to long-winded the pace somehow before I would have to admit that the librarian was probably right and perhaps I really wasnt old enough to contribute sense of it.   And so I turned to Proust, finding relief within his exquisitely nuanced precision and pacing. My love of all things French was born with Proust, as I marveled at his privileged people and their luminous lives. Who were they really, I wondered, and was all of Paris like this, and if so, how soon could I get there? For the next two weeks, I cut back and forth between that unlikely duo, Wolfe and Proust, sweating from Julys heat and the emotional impact of Brother Be ns death (best read when one is fifteen), then chill off with the soothingly elegant rituals of Monsieur Swann and company.

Forgiveness in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter :: Scarlet Letter essays

Forgiveness in The Scarlet Letter   Time heals all wounds. is a historied line in American history. I dont think that this is true. My line would be, Forgiveness heals all wounds. I think that Forgiveness in a very heavy part of life. Without it, people can non move on with their lives. Lets take for instance a murderer and the family of the person he killed. The murderer may be sentenced to death. The family of the person who was killed could go in and watch the man that killed their family member be put to death. That may give them peace of mind, but they still can not completely move on. They must forgive murderer for killing the person before they can really move on with their lives. Once they do this it testament be easier for them. A book that really illustrated this is The Scarlet Letter. In this book there are three main characters, Arthur Dimmesdale, Hester Prynne, and Roger Chillingworth. These three people either necessary forgiveness or needed to f orgive someone. Some got it, some didnt. Whether or not they received or gave forgiveness had a great impact in their lives.   Arthur Dimmesdale was a Reverend. He was supposed to be a great, God fearing person. He was supposed to never break a rule and be the kind of person everyone wanted to be. The only problem was that Dimmesdale had sinned, and it had been a horrible sin. He had slept with a married woman, and she ended up pregnant. This married woman was Hester Prynne. He needed forgiveness from everyone else before he could forgive himself. Dimmesdale couldnt manifest anyone what he had done because he could have been put to death for it. He was too afraid of everyone elses reaction to tell them what he person had done. Therefore he could not receive forgiveness. This sin ate away at Dimmesdale till he couldnt live anymore. All this happened because he couldnt receive forgiveness from the people of his community and himself.   Hester Prynne had been sent t o Boston with reports of her husband to follow. After about a year she got kind of lonely. She wasnt sure is he veritable(a) was going to come to her.

America Needs Capital Punishment Essay -- Essays on the Death Penalty

The case of William Horton offers a fitting introduction to the subject of Americas need for capital punishment. Horton was a violent habitual criminal, sentenced in 1988 to a Massachusetts prison house to life with no possibility of parole for savagely slaying an innocent teenage boy. After only ten years in prison he was transferred to a minimum-security facility. There he became eligible for daily work release, as well as unescorted weekend furloughs from prison. Following the example of other hardended inmates over the years, Horton obstinate not to return from work. Instead, months later, he viciously tortured and raped a Maryland couple for twelve hours (Bidinotto 5). As this case illustrates, capital punishment is innate to maintain social order in the United States. It is necessary to keep society safe, deter crime, preserve ethical values, uphold the Constitution, and ease the taxpayers burden. A realm and culture as advanced as the United States keeps sentenc ing repeat violent crime offenders to life imprisonment without parole, when it would be so much more streamlined and better for society if the criminals were executed. The life imprisonment without parole conviction is frequently sentenced, but rarely enforced. This is caused by the extensive list of backlogs in the United States penal system. These backlogs create a dangerous situation for society, becau se the convicts often slip through the judicial system after a very short prison term. Newsweek reports that in the United States there are over 1,000 correctional facilities housing over 75,000 death-row inmates. Of theese inmates, more than hal f have lived past their given execution realize (Anger 25). This is the result of the numero... ...s. If we do not start instituting capital punishment regularly, the consequences will be detrimental to society. Works Cited Bowers, William. Legal Homocide. Boston Northeastern University Press, 1984. Castberg, Didrick and V ictor Rosenblum. Cases on Constitutional Law. Illinois The Dorsey Press, 1973. Death Sentencing. ACLU Pamphlet 15. Pennsylvania Nelson Thomas Publishers, 1994. Gibbons, Don. Society, Crime, and Criminal Behavior. New Jersey Prentice Hall Inc., 1987. Goshgarian, Gary and Kathleen Krueger. Crossfire and Argument. New York Addison Wesley Longman, 1997. Haines, Herbert. Against Capital Punishment, New York Oxford University Press, 1996. Masur, Louis. Rites of Execution. New York Oxford University Press, 1989. Streib, Victor. A Capital Punishment Anthology. Cleveland Anderson Publishing Co., 1993.

Filmmaking :: essays research papers

The Film about Filmmaking     Truffauts irresistibly charming "film about filmmaking" is an enormously affectionate homage to cinema, as well as a portrayal of the joy and anguish of filmmaking. The framing film Day for Night tells the story of a director Ferrand (Truffaut) and his crew shooting a romantic family melodrama authorise Meet Pamela at the Studio Victorine in Nice. As the shooting proceeds, the personal crises of the crewmembers engulf the professional sphere of their lives, and threaten the smooth progress of the filming single of the leading actresses, Sverine (Valentina Cortese), is anguished by her sons terminal illness and unable to remember her lines because of her alcoholism Stacey (Alexandra Stewart) is three-months pregnant and refuses to shoot a swimming scene in a bathing suit Alphonse (Jean-Pierre Laud) seeks feminine/maternal affection and lingers over the same question "Are women magic?" Ferrand realizes that films are more proportionate than life there are "no profession jams or no dead waits," and people like them are happy only in their exercise of making films. Despite a series of difficulties and the accidental death of Alexandre (played by Jean-Pierre Aumont) in a car crash, the crew manages to complete the filming and then splash to future destinations.From the outset Day for Night is full of Truffauts nostalgia for cinema of the past. A title sequence accompanied by orchestral music gradually turns into a melancholic accordion tune a still of Dorothy and Lillian Gish with subtitle announces that the film is dedicated to these legendary stars of the silent screen. The spectator is then led to a lusty seemingly in Paris, a rather chic landscape dotted with a metro station, a fashionable caf, stoned buildings, the sound of busy traffic and pedestrians. A young man (Jean-Pierre Laud) with a solemn expression on his face appears from the metro station and walks towards an elderly m an. After a speckle the young male slaps the latter on his face. As soon as an immense tension occurs we hear the voice "Cut" and the camera tracks back to give that it was a shooting of a film. The camera pulls back further and we see the film crew, a television presenter and her crew. The television crew interviews the actors and they provide us with a synopsis of the film they are shooting Meet Pamela is the story of a tragic affair of an adulterous couple.

Filmmaking :: essays research papers

The Film about Filmmaking     Truffauts irresistibly charming "film about filmmaking" is an hugely affectionate homage to cinema, as well as a portrayal of the joy and anguish of filmmaking. The framing film Day for Night tells the story of a director Ferrand (Truffaut) and his crew shooting a romantic family melodrama entitled Meet Pamela at the Studio Victorine in Nice. As the shooting proceeds, the personal crises of the crewmembers engulf the professed(prenominal) sphere of their lives, and threaten the smooth progress of the filming one of the leading actresses, Sverine (Valentina Cortese), is anguished by her sons terminal illness and unable to remember her lines because of her drinking Stacey (Alexandra Stewart) is three-months pregnant and refuses to shoot a swimming scene in a bathing suit Alphonse (Jean-Pierre Laud) seeks feminine/maternal affection and lingers over the like question "Are women magic?" Ferrand realizes that films are more harmonious than life there are "no traffic jams or no dead waits," and slew like them are happy only in their work of making films. Despite a series of difficulties and the accidental death of Alexandre (played by Jean-Pierre Aumont) in a car crash, the crew manages to complete the filming and then disperse to future destinations.From the outset Day for Night is full of Truffauts nostalgia for cinema of the past. A title age accompanied by orchestral music gradually turns into a melancholic accordion tune a still of Dorothy and Lillian Gish with subtitle announces that the film is dedicated to these fabled stars of the silent screen. The spectator is then led to a square seemingly in Paris, a rather chic landscape dotted with a underground station, a fashionable caf, stoned buildings, the sound of busy traffic and pedestrians. A young man (Jean-Pierre Laud) with a solemn expression on his look appears from the metro station and walks towards an elderly man. After a while the young male slaps the latter on his face. As soon as an immense emphasis occurs we hear the voice "Cut" and the camera tracks back to reveal that it was a shooting of a film. The camera pulls back further and we see the film crew, a television presenter and her crew. The television crew interviews the actors and they provide us with a synopsis of the film they are shooting Meet Pamela is the story of a sad affair of an adulterous couple.

Comparative Essy

Ferdowsi Tus Hakim Abul-Qasim Ferdowsi is a well-known Persian poet who lived a life that will forever be told as a heroic tale. Ferdowsi created one of the most significant literary works of Iran called the Shahnameh. By generating this national epic, Ferdowsi displayed great knowledge of the ancient legends of Persia and has passed down these historic stories to moderne Persians today. Ferdowsi (940- 1020Ad) was born in Tus, a small town in North Eastern Iran, into a amily of landowners.Due to the fact that they were wealthy enough to be independent, he was anticipate to peruse extensive goals and high successes. However, he chose to do what he loved and perused writing poetry. He was married to a musician and has a son, who died at the jump on of thirty-seven, and a daughter who helped him though the tragic loss. Ferdowsi began to write his masterpiece at about the age of forty, by collecting a millennium of old oral traditions of the Iranian lateau, into heroic verses.The Shah nameh, also known as The Book of Kings, is the most seminal of literary Persian works in the tenth century. Containing over 50- molar concentration verses, which is arguably the longest poem written by a single poet, The Shahnameh narrates the history of Persia from its creation, through to the Arab invasion, and is structured according to the mythical and historical reign of fifty Persian Kings. Mainly, one of the Epics most significant themes is the nature of ingship, where Ferdowsi emphasises the divine approval of Irans rulers, including Gods will over other countries.The Epic also highlights the malicious nature of the universe, and ones destiny. through and through the actions of the heroes, it inspects the immorality of righteous actions. This epic allows readers to visualize the issues that took place in Persia and informs them of Persian culture before it was changed into something different. In addition, the Shahnameh plays a crucial role in formation the literary state , both poetic and historical

Children Should Start Being Responsible For Their Daily Chores By The Age of Three Essay

I have forever and a day turn overd that our experiences can help us become better individuals. I grew up adjusting and adapting considerably to my environment. Washing the dishes and cleaning the endure was never an issue for me. I can do what was told, even if nobody helped me. I know that a lot of adults my age experienced the same thing. For this, I believe that children should drive being accountable for their daily chores by the age of three. Children nowadays be more technologically and intellectually advanced than before. They can easily comprehend what is being asked of them, and perform with the best of their abilities. The times have really changed. When I was young, my p arents taught me how to do simple household chores. After playing with my toys, my parents would tell me to site them inside the toy box they provided for me. They explained to me that my toys should be placed all together in one place, and non scattered all over the house. As a child, I did not feel that I was being tasked to do something. What was inculcated in my mind was the fact that I had to help my parents in maintaining the cleanliness and orderliness of our house. This lesson was imprinted in me. some different movement that should be taken into consideration is the fact that children develop a strong sense of responsibility even at a young age. When my young brother was born, I felt the need to assist my parents more. I knew that I should be more responsible in doing the household chores. I realized that I was not just living for myself, but I am in like manner living for someone else. My parents showered me with their unconditional love, and I saw it as a reason for me to carry over that love to my brother. With these in mind, I realized that I had to do more than what was initially expected of me when I was placid an only child. In between diaper changes, my mom would ask me to bring out the apply diapers and clean the mess. Initially, I had second though ts, given that the dirty diapers were not appealing in particular to children. She explained to me that as the older child, I should help in caring for my younger brother. Soon after, my mom taught me how to operate the washing machine. She instilled in me that the amount of detergent used should be proportional to the weight of the clothes. By this, she revealed to me that nothing should be wasted. One day, she told me that I should be the one to wash the dishes. When there were visitors, I should help them in the preparations and in cleaning up the mess. Other times, she left me in charge of other household chores. Those were the times when I became more independent of her supervision. The flexibility of the children should also be taken into consideration. At a young age, children can still be taught what to do and what not to do. In terms of thinking and reasoning, these children can still adapt to their environment. They have not yet developed their stand on certain things and issues that continuously happen around them. A similar instance happened to my four-year-old niece. I observed that she listened to what people tell her, and followed what was taught by her elders. She particularly listened to the instructions made by her parents and the older people she lived with at home. There was this particular situation wherein she volitionally helped her mother set the table. Everyone who witnessed this particular occurrence were left at awe. It also left a good impression on how the parents raised their daughter into a responsible and caring child. Another point that I want to raise is the fact that the lessons taught to children are carried on as they get older. Manners, in particular, are taught when children are still in their innocent stage. As the child grows, these manners are practiced and passed over on to their own children. I remember this particular sequent that happened in a restaurant. I was eating dinner with my friends when I suddenly blurt ed out a loud burping sound. I felt embarrassed, but apace excused myself. My dad told me that I should be a gentleman while on the table. He also said that this was a simple deed that should always be practiced. He emphasized that having good manners reflect my personality and how I was raised by my parents. Furthermore, they always reminded me to be courteous and polite to other people. Every time someone came over to visit us, I would greet them warmly and let them come inside of our house. I would offer them refreshments, initiate exculpated conversations, and earn them sense that they were very welcome in our home. Doing these made me feel that I was doing the right thing. Personally, I believe that the lessons taught to children at an early age are easily absorbed than those taught when they get older. This may be due to the fact that children have this unbiased way of comprehending things. Their minds are innocent, and are not yet tarnished by outside influences, such as m oney, politics, and other issues. this goes to show that a childs mind can be easily manipulated by anyone. They base their perspectives on the lessons they learned as a child. As a child, I was afraid to do things that would displease my parents. Until now, every time I am about to make a decision about certain matters, I think about how may parents would feel. Like this one time when I thought about fracture to another course. I had my own valid reasons in convincing everyone that shifting was the right thing to do. At the back of my mind, I thought about how my parents would controvert when I tell them my dilemma. I thought about my decision again, and finally opted not to shift because I realized that my parents were right. I can also state that children follow what they see. Whenever my parents would do household chores, I would insist in helping them. Regardless of how difficult the situation was, I always insisted in giving my assistance. I felt that what my parents taught me was the right thing to do. I believe anyones parents are the greatest influences a person can have in his life. We mimic their actions because we believe that what they are doing is right. This is where we include the idea that how parents raise their children are reflected on the actions of these children. In the eyes of these kids, their parents are their role models, simply because there was no one else to port up to since their infancy. With this, if the parents set good examples to their children, the latter will be able to adapt and incorporate these elements in their actions. Otherwise, if the parents show their children dysfunctional manners, then there would be nothing else for the children to mimic but that. Another reason is the fact that children love to be notifyd. When I was younger, I felt really good about myself whenever my parents would appreciate the little things that I do. In return, I would always help them out with everything, including the cleaning and maintenance of the house. At such a tender age, my parents knew that I would repeat their actions. This may be due to the fact that they were the only people I was exposed to. I can consider this as the simple logic down it. I would also like to consider the fact that my parents truly love me. They wanted me to be a good person to others. How else would their lessons be instilled in me if they would not teach me the moment I could get a grasp of the world? With the points I discussed in this essay, I firmly believe that children children should start being responsible for their daily chores by the age of three. This was supported by strong evidences from my own experiences as a child. Taken these in mind, I suggest that we should take dish out of our children. Their tender minds can be shaped into something extraordinary. By training them with basic things such as household chores, we contributing to the progress of this world. Let this be the start of a better future.

Communal harmony and the question of cultural identity Essay

Harmony and the co-existence of mutli-faceted elements are the two essential ingredients of any society which seeks sustainable longevity. In a pluralistic society the question of harmonious existence of its divergent structural units becomes all the more pertinent. An analogy can be observed with the charitable body wherein the different functional systems work in unison to create a perfect coherence. Like in the human body where, different variety meat combine to form organ systems, in a human society smaller population groups combine to form socio-cultural entities based on particular types of identification. unlike their biological counterparts this process of identification is not scientific and fully rational. The identification followed by human beings depends on ceratin social mores and socio-cultural guidelines which may vary from race, colour, creed, gender, configuration etc. to religion, region and nationality. This process is sometimes a skewed one as during the cou rse of it a particular social grouping more than oftentimes identifies comparatively with respect to other grouping and instead of harmonising itself with other groupings differentiates with them.In case of India, the scenario is not only a peculiar one but is similarly intertwined with its socio-political realities. We live in a highly diversified pluralistic society wherein the number of cultural elements outscore the structural ethos provided by any type of government. The different communities in India classify themselves according to different criteria which differ temporally as well as contextually.The classification process is so well differentiatied that many of the times, hoi polloi originally belonging to a particular group start associating themselves with completely different groups in different contexts e. g. people belonging to a particular circle group may associate differently with each other on the basis of economic class or educational standards. The concept of cultural identity element is at the core of the Indian society. The historical formation of Indian society provides us with an idea of its multi-faceted diversity and non-inclusive cultural developments.Social history of India outlines how various natal as well as foreign elements reacted and intermingled in an undefined manner to produce newer cultural traits for the population to identify with. Religion, language, ideology etc. have, from time to time, disposed(p) various channels for cultural identification. The communal formation of Indian society is to be observed in not a narrow way. Though religion provides the most simple way of communal identification in India, we must remeber that the idea of community is central to process of communalization

History Of The Judicial Depart Of The Philippines

The Paradigm (from Transmissional to Transactional) Shift of education in the Philippines is the transfer of teaching concepts from the Traditional bookish and direct learning approach Teaching into a twenty-first Century Teaching focused on developing the learners HOTS (higher establish thinking skills). These HOTS is the demonstration of the learners critical thinking ability, and to go beyond the four walls of the classroom by applying their learning into the 7 domains Identified by the division of Education (DepEd).In the traditional way of teaching, the learners argon only developing the lower part of the Domain of schooling, which are identified as LOTS (lower cast thinking skills). This is the memorization intensive class, where the learners are forced to memorize a long list of items, in order to be able to answer in the Objective Type quizzes and Exams. Example Using the LOTS, students would simply answer the question, Who is the first astronaut?,and then a excerption o f a,b,c,d from which the students will choose from.These is the Mechanical type of learning, where students would simply do the same thing (memorize) and be able to answer the same type of exam or questioning method in a heartbeat without even knowing the deeper part of it or cant even explain the answer. LOTS (lower order thinking skills) areKnowledge, Application, ComprehensionHowever, in the HOTS intensive teaching, the students would answer the types of questions like, What are the contribution of the Space Program to our present generation? or Compare and Contrast the friendship and understanding of humans before the space age and during the space age? These types of questions, enables the learners to think critically and explain his/her answer and to demonstrate actively in a manner that their understanding will show the deep knowledge they have learned in the classroom. HOTS (higher order thinking skills) areAnalysis, Synthesis, EvaluationWith all these in mind, the Departme nt of Education realized (at last) that a Paradigm shift is needed in order to change the system from thetraditional ways into the so called twenty-first century globally standard teacher. Education experts around the country, including my Mentor and Dean of the College of Education, Dr. June P. Salana, figureed tirelessly together with numerous experts nationwide in order to identify the outstanding points or domains needed in line with the vision of transforming the Filipino instructor into a globally competitive one.Along with the Commission on Higher education (CHED), instructor Education Institutes (TEIs), Philippine Regulatory Commission (PRC), Department of Education (DepEd) and the Civil Service Commission (CSC) in partnership with the different academic institution, the National Competency-Based Teacher Standards (NCBTS) was born. Hence, the political program change is the product of many years of development, this is not the idea of the DepEd Secretary or the thousand s of teachers around the country.As mentioned by Dr. Isagani Cruz in 2001, this is the People Power sample of Curricular Change, this is the result of the Social Change that happened to the country and the need for education to be the Main Effort in bringing Competitiveness and innovativeness among the people in the 21st century. As Mentioned in the Curriculum Development book by Dr. June P. Salana and Dr. Rolando A. Bernales, the curriculum development of today has shifted fromLearner-Artisan relationship into Employment-Oriented (knowledge based) Curriculum.The latest trend is to Empower the teachers, the front-liners in education, the deliverers of knowledge,and facilitators of learning in the process of developing a curriculum, that would reflect the Competencies, teachers and students alike should possess and reflective of the Social Dimension of education. That learning should not be express mail to Fraction or Poem writing but rather adopting it to the real life application s and experiences that the learner may or has experienced.It is very important to note that this is not a Jesli Lapus, Pet project that may or may not go with him after he lives the office, but a result of the societal change, a reflection of what is happening in the society and adopting our curriculum into the 21st century globally competent education. The NCBTS Framework is devided in 7 Domains1. Social Regard for Learning (SRFL) 2. Learning Environment (LE) 3. Diversity of Learners (DOL) 4. Curriculum (Curr.) 5. Planning, Assessing Reporting (PAR) 6. Community Linkages (CL) 7. Personal Growth & Professional Development (PGPD)According to the Framework This will allow teachers to self-assess their own exploit against the Competency Standards in order to identify areas of strength as well as areas that need to be developed further in order for them to choke more effectively as facilitators of learning. Domain 1. Social Regard for Learning (SRFL)The SRFL domain focuses on the idea l that teachers serve as positive and powerful power models of the value in the pursuit of different efforts to learn. The teachers action, statements, and different types of social interactions with students exemplify this ideal. Domain 2. Learning Environment (LE)This domain focuses on impressiveness of providing a social, psychological and physical environment within which all students, regardless of their individualist differences in learning, can engage in the different learning activities and work towards attaining high standards of learning Domain 3. Diversity of Learners (DOL)The DOL domain emphasizes the ideal that teachers can facilitate the learning process even with diverse learners, by recognizing and respecting individual differences and by using knowledge about their differences to design diverse sets of learning activities to ensure that all learners can attain the desired learning goals. Domain 4. Curriculum (Curr.)The curriculum domain refers to all elements of the teaching-learning process that work in convergence to help students understand the curricular goals and objectives, and to attain high standards of learning defined in the curriculum. These elements include the teachers knowledge of subject matter and the learning process, teaching-learning approaches and activities, instructional materials and learning resources. Domain 5. Planning, Assessing & Reporting (PAR)This domain refers to the alignment of assessment and training activities. In particular, the PAR focuses on the (1) use of assessment data to plan and revise teaching-learning plans (2) integration of assessment procedures in the plan and implementation of teaching-learning activities, and (3) reporting of the learners veritable achievement and behavior. Domain 6. Community Linkages (CL)The LC domain refers to the ideal that classroom activities are meaningfully linked to the experiences and aspirations of the learners in their homes and communities. Thus, this domain f ocuses on teachers efforts directed at beef up the links between schools and communities to help in the attainment of the curricular goals. Domain 7. Personal Growth & Professional Development (PGPD)The PGPD domain emphasizes the ideal that teachers value having a high personal regard for the teaching profession, concern for professional development, and continuous improvement as teachers.

Necessary Convergence Communication Essay

A Theory of Dyadic friendly Interaction and Meanings Michelle Miller-Day In this paper, the reason proposed and learns a hypothesis of the affectionate mental synthesis of meaning in dyadic communicatory fundamental interaction. The author argues that necessity lap communion is a theoretical exemplar useful for explaining how power may squargon up the assist of meaning construction in social chat.This essay describes the features of this theoretical manakin and provides theoretical suppositions for future trial-and-error testing. ChildMom, look at the blue package Mother Its non blue, its teal. ChildIt looks like blue to me. Mother Its non though. Its got green in it too, so its teal. Later that day Friend Oh, thats a pretty package. The blue matches your shirt. ChildIts not blue, its teal. To many of us this scene is not unusual.Children often learn from elders what any given symbol means and at once children learn these meanings they incorporate them into their cognitive schemata. harmonize to Piagets (1972, 1954) theory of cognitive development, from approximately ages 4-7 children argon in an intuitive phase where they can grasp logical concepts, but reality is not yet firm and is often dictated by authority figures. The role of authority figures to digit constructions of reality certainly does not end in childhood.Social constructionists such as Berger and Luckmann (1966) argue that unmarrieds together produce a human environment, with the totality of its socio-cultural and psychological formations and understandings social meanings atomic number 18 a human product (p. 52). It is not unusual, say, for an inglorious romantic better half to convince his or her retainer that the abuse is deserved or symbolic of care or even love. The dyadic construction of acts of abuse as signifying love or care may not e clearly understood by others outside the relational dyad, yet perceptions of abusive behavior as acts of love are commonalty in abusive inter in-person relationships, along with sacrificing ones take interpretation of events so as not to lose the affection of the partner (Woods, 1999). In fact, in a recent episode of the popular television show virtue and Order specific Victims Unit (Denoon & Platt, 2004) a teenager was placed in foster care due to a overprotects complete and utter electric potentiality everywhere the child, with the episode focusing on the control the mother had over how her offspring interpreted the world around him.The psychologist in the episode did not have a name for this wreak of maternal domination, but compared the teenager to a puppet, merely appropriating his mothers interpretations of the world out of fear the fear of losing her love, protection and their relational structure. Although this essay does not focus on children or abusive relationships specifically, it outlines a theory addressing the social construction of meanings in dyadic communicative interaction wherein there is disequilibrium amidst members in that process.Berger (2005), in his review of the social communicating up until the 21st century, pointed out that very few social communication scholars have authentic theories addressing this central tenet of communication meaning. His review argued that for the field to move forward interpersonal communication researchers should look to a greater extent at interaction routines and the process of meaning-making between interactants.Around the same time as this review was creation written, Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002) published an article in Communication Theory arguing for a similar take aim for research examining intersubjectivity, meaning, and interactivity in the area of family communication. They argued the undermentioned a complete explication of family communication needs to consider two intersubjectivity and interactivity (Fitzpatrick & Ritchie, 1993). Intersubjectivity refers to the sharing of cognitions among participa nts in a communication event, whereas interactivity refers to the stop to which the symbol creation and interpretation are linked. ,Interactivity refers to the way that a family withstands its own structure through patterns of family members responses to for each one others communicative acts (p. 73, Koerner & Fitzpatrick, 2002). Correspondingly, Miller-Day (2004) also presented a indispensable Convergence Communication (NCC) theory which focused on some(prenominal) intersubjectivity and interactivity in family member interactions, while addressing issues of power and dominance involved in the process of meaning-making between communicators.At this junction, in response to these calls for theoretical development in the area of meaning construction and dyadic social interaction in the handle of interpersonal and family communication, and building on the ideas introduced by Koerner and Fitzpatrick (2002), this essay go away briefly review the original ideas of Miller-Days (2004 ) Necessary Convergence Communication (NCC) theory, elaborate on them, and then discuss how this framework might be a workable mid-range theory to assist communication scholars understand how the construct of power or dominance may influence the meaning construction process in interpersonal communication.A theory is a lens through which to examine human interaction and theories have four functionsdescription, explanation, prediction, and change (Griffin, 2000 Littlejohn & Foss, 2005). The foundation of a theory is description and as Wood (2004) points out, before we can figure out how something works, we must describe it (p. 32). Therefore, the first task of building newfound theory is to describe its features. This essay provides a description of requirement product communication and identifies specific features that may be empirically tested.An Introduction to Necessary Convergence Communication Miller-Day (2004) argued that necessary intersection point is a form of intersubje ctivity that fares during a pattern of interactivity when one communicator is dominant and the other slavish. When converging of meaning occurs, meaning coordination tends to be coercive rather than cooperative with the dominant partners interpretive frame privileged over the submissive partners, leading to un sufficient contributions to the process of meaning coordination. Author Ayn Rand (1993) referred to this type of process in her novel The Fountainhead.Rand argued that some individuals tend to be second-handerspeople who dont judge for themselves, who just repeat what others close to them say, embrace it, and make it their own. Miller-Days (2004) argument suggests that when the relational schema for the submissive partner is based on qualified regardthat is, she or he believes that acceptance in the relationship (e. g. , receipt of horny resources) is contingent on meaning convergence the submissive partner go out converge with the dominant partners meanings for relation al maintenance purposes.As discovered in Miller-Days family communication research (2004) and Miller (1995) and illustrated in the Law and Order episode mentioned earlier in this essay, not to converge with a dominant partners interpretation of symbols or events in any consummation would risk already precarious acceptance and approval in the relationship. An interpretive frame is defined here as cognitive structure that contains mental representations of meanings the process of constructing meaning activates interpretive frames.Necessary infers that convergence is perceived as essential to achieving a certain aftermath, and convergence indicates a tendency toward one point (Miller-Day, 2004). Thus, to contract relational approval and avoid rejection, the submissive partner will accommodate the dominant partner by assimilating his or her interpretive frame. Within this model, convergence is relationally adaptive. This introduction to NCC as a theoretical framework offers an overvie w.But, to fully understand how this theory may be applied more generally to interpersonal relationships, I will elaborate on this theoretical framework, present the assumptions linked to it, describe its symptomatics, and provide some theoretical statements for empirical testing. A-Priori Theoretical Assumptions Communication Is an Emergent, Creative natural process through Which Meanings are Coordinated Via Interpretive Schemata People approach the world through processes of interpretation. As human social animals we are in a unalterable state of interpreting and managing meanings, and interpreting meanings is an interdependent process.The assumption is that meanings are not inherent in objects, but instead arises out of social interaction. During social interaction, meanings are directd through interpretive schematamental structures consisting of organized knowledge about relationships. Interpretive schemata represent accumulated knowledgethe sum of past experienceswhich help a n individual interpret, understand, and predict the outcomes of interactions with others (Burleson, Metts, Kirch, 2000 Cragan Shields, 1998 Koerner Fitzpatrick, 2002).Moreover, interpretive schemata include expectations about what should happen in a given situation and serve to guide behavior. Interpretive schemata specific to relationshipsrelationship schematainfluence the encoding and decoding of randomness, the inferences and evaluations people make and ultimately their interpersonal behavior in relationships (Koerner Fitzpatrick, 2002, p. 80). This assumption presumes that the process of making meaning activates interpretive frames.Communicators then coordinate their meaning systems as filtered through these frames and then negotiate agreement. Understanding between the members builds intersubjectivity and hopefully leads to consensus (Crotty, 1998 Solomon, Dillard, Anderson, 2002). Implicit in this assumption are claims of coordination and negotiation. Coordination impli es a state of equal rank, equal power, and harmonious order, whereas negotiation suggests that communicators confer with one another in order to reach an agreement.Coordination involves collaboration of all communicating partners. Communication Enacts Relationships The state of be in a relationship is inherently a communication process and must be understood as a series of transactions in which messages are exchanged. Relationships are formed across repeated transactions, with each new transact adding new information to the one that came before, building a cumulative database of information about the relationship (Burleson et al. 2000 Duck, 1992 Guerrero, Anderson, Afifi, 2001). Transactions are units of interaction affecting both interactants and carrying commentary on the interactants relationship. As Watzlawick, Beavin, and Jackson (1967) pointed out, each message (both communicative and nonverbal) carries information at two levelsthe content level and the relationship level. The relationship level enacts the current state of the relationship and provides information about how the communicators see each other, themselves, and their relationship.Communicative Transactions in Close Personal Relationships Have Implications for Personal and Relational Identities Relational members encode and decode information about themselves as come up as for their partner, extrapolating this information to the relational unit (Aron Aron, 1986). Within this framework, the self is conceptualized as inseparable from dynamic interaction, with each transaction contributing to both self- and relational knowledge. archaeozoic work by Mead (1934) identified the centrality of essage exchange in personal identity management. More recent work in relational communication points out that both personal and relational identities are cocreated communicatively within the context of relationship (Wilmot, 1995). Personal identity development is really the unfolding of the self while reta ining relational ties identities are constituted and managed through relationships, not to their exclusion (Adams Marshall, 1996). Relational Culture Shapes Interpretive/Relational SchemataRelational cultures consist of shared meaning systems, routinized patterns of interaction, and norms that structure members roles and behaviors (Wood, 2000). These cultural norms shape relational schemata (Koerner Fitzpatrick, 2002), and these schemata are socialise across the developmental trajectory of the relationship. Socialization involves the social and communicative processes through which cultural knowledge, resources and practices are made available and internalized by cultural members (Burleson et al. , 2000, p. 35).As Entman (1993) demonstrated, culture is the stock of commonly evoked interpretive schemata and culture might be defined as the empirically demonstrable round of common interpretive frames exhibited in the discourse and thinking of close to people in a relationship (p. 5 3). Relational schemata are the mental structures that are socialized within a relational culture, organize knowledge about relationships, and are used to process information relevant to these relationships. Therefore, relational cultures will share common schemata and should be reflected in the communication practices of relational members.Interpersonal Scripts Emerge From Relational Schemata Scripts are one form of communication practice enacted within relationships that emerge from relational schemata (Koerner Fitzpatrick, 2002). Relational scripts direct interaction, exemplify relational work, and dictate normative ways of issuing directives and responses. Scripted interactions are often routine, habituated, and overlearned through repetitive practice in the family culture (Sillars, 1995) however, these scripts are useful in directing the typical ways in which an interaction should be handled given the particular relational schema.When relational members drive practiced in the se roles and memorize their lines, these enactments become scripted. That is, partners may not think about their day-to-day ways of interacting with each other on a advised level, but they may still tend to communicate in patterned ways with well-defined scripts that enact appropriate relational behavior. These a-priori assumptions are implicit in the theoretical framework of NCC.In summary, they presuppose that relational culture shapes partners knowledge of relationships each partners accumulated knowledge of relationships helps her or him to coordinate meanings patterned or scripted communication behavior emerges from relationship schemata and this communication behavior is consequential for interpersonal relationships. Characteristics of Necessary Convergence Communication Necessary convergence communication can be captured by describing its three separate characteristics, equilibrium, weighted harmonise of meaningfulness, and motivation, and two process dimensions, story and chronicity (Miller-Day, 2004).These characteristics are illustrated in Fig. 1 and can be assessed in terms of their valence and intensity in any given interpersonal relationship. Insert Figure 1 about here Equilibrium When necessary convergence occurs, there tends to be disequilibrium in the relational coordination of meanings. Equilibrium refers to an equality of distribution however when disequilibrium occurs, there is unequal power to determine meanings in interpersonal interaction. Power is a persons ability to control valuable resources and is often tied to status.Any type of power such as adept power, legitimate power, or coercive power is relevant to equilibrium as long as the person is in control of resources considered valuable. Control of resources provide the potential for the exercise of power in most relationships, with resources being all knowledge, skills, emotions, words, actions, and materials that are at the disposal of the person. Given the distribution of resou rces within any specific interpersonal relationship, power might be evaluated by its outcome, which is dominance.Dominance refers to the degree to which a person can influence and impose their will on the other its counterterm, submission, refers to the degree to which a person gives up influence or yields to the wishes of the other. I think it is important to keep in mind that dominance itself is determined by the submissive response of others. Moreover, as Burgoon, Johnson, and Koch (1998) pointed out, While power enables the display of dominance, and dominant behavior may solidify powerthough correlateddominance and power are not interchangeable concepts (p. 10). According to Miller-Day (2004), when NCC occurs the relational member who has blueer status or more power in the relationship (e. g. , parent, teacher, boss, or romantic partner) would be dominant in imposing, rather than cooperatively negotiating, meaning in the relationship. Moreover, as one persons power to determine meanings increases, the other persons decreases, this then leads to an unstable situation in which the importance of one partners interpretive frame outweighs the partners. Weighted Proportion of MeaningfulnessThe second characteristic of necessary convergence occurs when one partner submits to the unequal distribution in the power to construct meanings in interaction. Dominance requires submission. Consequently, when a lower-status partner submits, she or he affords the dominant partners meanings more weightmore significancein the transaction. Developmentally, as most individuals begin to acquire personal authority they course become separate from parents and others in their life, even as they remain emotionally connected (Nadien Denmark, 1999).However, as growns form unique relational cultures, they will develop new connections with others. Some times these relationships are purely social and require accommodation of meanings for social management purposes for example, in the classroom where a professor does not advertise critical thinking but mandates rote memorization and resists any challenge of information. In this case, students are required to accommodate the professors meanings into his or her own understanding (and repeat that on the exam ).Anyone who has ever been in a classroom with one of these instructors may empathize with students placed in a pose where there is a low tolerance for differentiation in thinking among members. But the case of relational partners where one partner is dominant in most realms of the relationships and the other submissive, there is both a social and emotional connection between partners. In this case, the dominant partner will typically nearly monitoring device any behaviors that signify the submissive partners movement toward differentiation (uniqueness outside the relationship), regardless if emotional ties remain undisturbed.If the less powerful partner resists the untruth of meaning and challenges her par tners construction of meaning in the dyadic interaction, then necessary convergence communication has not occurred. It is the absence of resistance the convergencethat is a key feature of this kind of communication. According to NCC, the less powerful partner will be motivated to converge because he or she feels it is necessary. indigence Motivation is a reason for action, an incentive.This theory argues that when there is a compelling reason for convergence, such as is to avoid undermining the relationship or to secure relational acceptance, there is increased motivation to converge with the higher-status partner. When acceptance in the relationship is perceived to be conditional on that convergence, then convergence is perceived as relationally adaptive and the lower-status partner is more likely to perceive convergence as necessary. Necessary convergence, then, might be viewed as a form of secondary control.According to Rosenberg (1990), Secondary control is an attempt to accommo date to objective conditions in order to affect a more satisfying fit with those conditions (p. 147). Although convergence tends not to be explicitly demanded, lower-status partners will perceive it as a condition for relational acceptance. Manipulation of resources in a relationship, such as support, regard, or inclusion, emerged as a significant contributor to asserting dominance in the family relationships observed by Miller-Day (2004).As a form of psychological control, higher-status family members offered and withheld these resources contingent on the convergence of the lower-status member. The utilization of emotional resources, therefore, was used to assert psychological dominance with the provision or withdrawal of resources providing a compelling motivation for lower-status partners convergence. According to NCC, once convergence is perceived to be necessary, and one accommodates the dominant partners interpretive frame at the expense of ones own, two supererogatory chara cteristics become important when assessing necessary convergence degree and chronicity.Process Dimensions Degree. The relative intensity or amount of convergence in any given dyadic interaction is important to the process of NCC. The following illustration captures different degrees of convergence. Example An adult woman and a friend are talking. The friend comments that she likes the womans new hairstyle, pulled up on her head with a hair clip. The woman comments that she likes the style too. Soon the adult womans mother walks into the room, looks at her adult daughter, and with a tone of disapproval says, What have you done to your hair? It looks awfulUnder conditions of high convergence, the lower-status woman would change her hairstyle extensively as a ensue of her mothers comment, converging with her mothers interpretation that the style was indeed horrible and altering her original interpretation to fit more closely with her mothers. If asked by another, she would explain tha t the hairstyle looked awful so she altered it. Under conditions of moderately high convergence, the lower-status woman would significantly change her hairstyle as a result of her mothers comment, but just to please her mother or to reduce conflict.The lower-status woman would not alter her own interpretation to fit with her mothers interpretation she would merely accommodate the alternative interpretation. Under conditions of moderately low convergence, the lower-status woman might make minor alterations in the hairstyle to integrate both perceptions of what was attractive into one style. Finally, under conditions of low convergence, the lower-status woman might listen to her mothers comment but keep the style anyway because she likes it.As Miller-Day (2004) comments, there are times when we all perceive that it is just easier, necessary, or politically astute to adjust our interpretations to others view of the world. However, when there is extensive accommodation and convergence, obliterating personal interpretative frames constitutive of self, this might negatively influence personal identity. Chronicity. Convergence may be chronic or the pattern of convergence may occur across time and contexts. When lower-status individuals experience repeated failures in negotiating meanings in transactions with a partner across time (e. . , across the life course) and contexts (e. g. , attitudes, values, behaviors), this may ingrain a generalized prediction of learned helplessness and giving in. Miller-Days (2004) data revealed that women who chronically engaged in necessary convergence had an undefined comprehend of self and lower self-esteem than women who did not engage in convergence. When boundaries between individuals blur in personal relationships, identities may become undefined and convergence communication becomes the modus operandi.Piagets (1972) theory of cognitive development points out that in normal development, both assimilation and accommodation proc esses are used simultaneously and alternately passim life. Assimilation being the process of using or transforming the environment so that it can be placed in preexisting cognitive structures and accommodation being the process of changing cognitive structures in order to accept something from the environment. Necessary convergence communication offers an explanation for those interactions where accommodation becomes the primary means of making spirit of the world.Theoretical Suppositions of Necessary Convergence Whereas theoretical assumptions are claims already supported in the research literature, suppositions are considered true or existing but not yet proved. Miller-Day (2004) provided the groundwork for this theory development and I seek to build on that by offering the following suppositions about NCC. I believe these suppositions may provide the necessary building blocks for theory development and offer future directions for empirical testing. Supposition 1 Interactants wi th more power (e. g. expert, legitimate, reward) in a dyadic social interaction will exert more influence in the construction of meaning than interactants with less power. Coordination of meaning involves power and control and according to this theory meanings can be hijacked. When both partners share moderate levels of power in the relationship, it would be predicted that they would enjoy the equilibrium and co-construction of meaningshared cognitions with a relatively high degree of match between symbol creation and interpretation. But most theories assume co-construction and equilibrium in sharing cognitions.According to NCC, we need to factor in power status of the interactants in the dyadic construction of meaning. Although studies exist that explore social stratification and power in terms of race, gender, and larger cultural hierarchies (see, e. g. , Altheide, 1995 Lyman, 1994), seldom do scholars explore interpersonal dominance and perceptions of status in their attempts to understand meaning construction. Supposition 2 Under conditions where there is disequilibriumunequal powerin determining meanings in dyadic social interaction, both partners will afford the dominant partners meanings more significance.If one participant in the communication event is dominant in the dyad then it is predicted that connections between symbol and interpretations can be coerced, and the interpretations of the dominant partner are privileged in that communication event. Supposition 3 Converging with a higher-status partners assigned meanings will function to maintain the relational identity. The act of convergence is relationally adaptive. The act of convergence in any given interaction will serve to protect the entangled identity of the participants and function to maintain the relational status quo.Partners in dominant-submissive relationships will maintains their relational culture through this patterns of responding to each others communicative actsby one requiring co nvergence and the other converging. Supposition 4 Among submissive partners, necessary convergence communication will be positively related to an undifferentiated self. Relationships demonstrate varying degrees of tolerance for intimacy and autonomy through interactions. In differentiated relationships partners are provided with autonomy, while maintaining respect and intimacy.In undifferentiated relationships boundaries are regulated, with high demands for connectedness, and ultimately impeding individual identity (Skowron Schmitt, 2003 Skowron, 2005). Supposition 5 The manipulation of emotional resources by the dominant partner in relationship with an undifferentiated partner will positively predict necessary convergence communication. It is posited that a communication partner who encourages emotional and psychological dependence through the manipulation of emotional resources (e. g. , love, acceptance) will also coerce a high degree of convergence in the communicative interacti on.Respectively, a communication partner who is undifferentiated and submits to the dominant partner will perceive that convergenceor a shared interpretationis necessary to maintain the relationship. Supposition 6 The more chronic and the greater the degree of convergence, the more likely the submissive partner will have a generalized expectancy of learned helplessness predicting increased risk for depression. The theory of learned helplessness (Seligman, 1975) offers a model to explain human depression in which apathy and submitting to more dominant others prevails, causing the person to fully rely on others.This can result when life experiences cause the individual to understand that their own cognitions are irrelevant. compend This essay introduced necessary convergence communication as a theoretical framework to help explain how meanings can be hijacked by others in interpersonal relationships. Under certain conditions it is predicted that dominant members in interpersonal rela tionships may be able to control the coordination of meaning in the relationship, subverting the interpretations of the submissive communication partner.Outlining characteristics of NCC (equilibrium, weighted proportion of meaningfulness, and motivation), two process dimensions (degree and chronicity), and posing 6 testable suppositions about NCC, this essay argues that this mid-range theory may be useful in understanding intersubjectivity and interactivity in dyadic social interaction where one partner is dominant and the other submissive. Whether that partnership is interpersonal or relational, there are implications for this kind of communication in understanding interpersonal influence and possibly even mental health outcomes such as depression.Future Directions There are criteria by which theories are judged to be effective. According to Shaw and Costanzo (1970) and Wright (1998), the following criteria may be used for evaluating theories and future research should examine this theoretical framework to assess if it meets these criteria. First, there is explanatory powerdo the suppositions of the NCC theoretical framework enable scholars to explain as much of the communication phenomenon as possible? Next, is the theoretical model parsimoniousdoes it contain as few suppositions as possible, is it as simple as it can be?Is NCC internally consistent, that is, do the suppositions contradict each other? Does NCC have heuristic potential does it suggest hypotheses to be tested through additional research? Finally, does NCC promote new understanding and have societal value? This essay outlines the features of NCC and proposes suppositions for empirical testing. Future research should test these suppositions with the potential to falsify and/or delimit this theoretical framework.

Innovation Planning and Design

The ever-changing marketplace in the course world imposes greatchallenges for the come with to maintain stability, intersectionivity andprofitability in the effort. In order to keep track on the competitiveenvironment, every federation should develop innovation to acquirecompetitive gain. However, acquiring just a competitive advantage willonly be for the meantime due to the fast development of technology, totalmodernization of the market and rapid changes of customer preferences. Innovators shall foresee these factors to combat with its competitors for it tobe successful, making innovation an essential factor for company growth.Innovations do vary in many aspects. It may take the risk of combiningdifferent types of innovation. Determining businesses whether they are mayresult to hiding their significant distinctions. The most importantcategorizations one may find out among the many developed are aclassification according to innovation type, the innovation degree and courseof sustainability (Zakic, Jovanovic, & Stamatovic, 2008). Companies may decide which part of the businessdesign needsinnovatingsuch as products or processes or a compounding of both.Single approach can be simple, less time consuming process compared to combinedapproach which is more involved, complicated and may be time consuming and requires authentic effort for it to be core groupive. Whatever process that is chosen, it will always create specialization which is advantageous to have specialized kind of innovation. Moderncompanies carefully apply options conscious by experts that are suit equal forits position and business model. Innovations shall be thoroughlyinvestigated and studied in order to achieve and meet the companysobjective.Creating and developing their probableity, designating theresources, and creating partnerships in unity with this choice are vitalto success (Zakic, Jovanovic, & Stamatovic, 2008). In varying options comes difference between processes and productsi nnovation. To be able to establish successful innovative strategies andstrategic planning, understanding the differences and influence of differentfactor and its effect in business leaders structure is important. It is of utmost importance to explore all possible options to acquire different inputs.This process will ensure the proof of certain conclusion to helpleadership identify the appropriate method to innovation (Almirall &Casadesus-Masanell, 2010). Innovation Systems Design Recent market concept on the business world has produced anuntamed environment. The companys advantages do not last too long dueto tight competitions that never cease to advance and overcome the market. With these tight competitions, most businesses have created a sheer pricewar just to maintain and gain customers (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004).It is therefore vital in the process for the companies to be aware of theefficient methods to design and use innovative efforts considering thesecurrent market situation s. look on that each product you serve in themarket, it goes with it your name. How customers perceive the product orservices is significant. Most customers often choose the products or servicesthat are appealing to their eyes. It also includes factors like product package,how the product is designed, and even POS system design. What messagesor ideas the product conveys to the customers are also factors. Image of thebrand and market partake in are determined by these factors.Discerning yourinnovative products and market light to them is one important groundin determining business success (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). With the tight competition in the business industry, each companyattempts to beat its competitors. Businesses are set forinnovation, however, they often lack cerebrate on innovating their marketing designtechniques. This lack of focus is the reason for short time competitiveadvantage. Recent research reveals that a number of small to medium sizedcompanies in the electr onics industry have received governmentgrants in order to promote growth in innovative techniques and processes.Some of these were successful. However this implies that most innovativeprocesses manage to be only interim solution as most small businessesare unable to continue long term innovative processes (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). Innovative processes have to be executed and followed accordingly. Those innovation grants were able to magnify thebusiness with growth to those companies involved. However, it did not result with an attach in profits and productivity. Foreseeing these circumstances,innovation systems show that the entire company should be nvolved in theprocess and utilizing your assets to fully maximize your potential in makinginnovative products and management styles (Herrmann & Gunter, 2004). Steps to Innovative Process There certain steps needed during the innovative process when creating and implementing an innovation to any business. 1. Determine the take excepti on The start of innovation process isdetermining the challenge, problem, or goal that needs to be solved. 2. Teamwork This step utilizes your intellectual assets wherein all partiesparticipate in a brainstorming event to reason and debate how to fix theinnovation challenge.Combination All of these ideas discussed in the brainstorming eventare summarized. 4. Assessment The summary of all the ideas are evaluated and the bestsolution will be chosen by the business leaders with the relevant businessexperience. 5. Research and Development The chosen solutions undergoes researchand development to determine whether the processes are attainable and willyield a result favorable to the company like increase in profits, businessexpansion and market share. 6. Implementation Executing the ideas into the team and bring them toreality. . Review Consider the data generated from the feedback, leadership,and business results regarding how the process was working. 8. Recycle New challenges are impos e by the review. Consider thesechallenges and start again with the process (now Europe, 2009). For the business to maintain on top, the company shall be in acontinuous process of innovating to maintain creative, business and leadership innovation. This is so recommendedconsidering how the global economic marketplace dances to the tune of tightcompetition.The innovation must be part of the businesss system toprevent unstable progress and share losses. To counter the ever-changingmarketplace and customer demand, innovation must remainconstant (Barsh, Capozzi, & Davidson, 2008). Conclusion The concept of innovation hasbeen in the business system for centuries. However, today, it has become aprerequisite to business growth and prosperity. While in the past, a companydared to innovate just to impart an edge to the industry, nowadays, it becamean essential factor in business design for the company to survive and profit.The company shall implement, maintain innovation, and make anenvironm ent that encourages innovation. The companys workforce is avaluable asset to allowing their process to happen and the use of theseassets is beneficial to the process in various ways. This approach is sosignificant that even those business that have been in the some fordecades and reshaping theirfundamental principles and business values to create an innovativeenvironment. If a company desires to survive todays market competition, it has to produce an innovation culture and use its assets to be competitive and maintain profitability.

Gender and Sex Worksheet

- Associate Program Material hinge onual urge and Sex Worksheet practise the interest questions in 50 to 150 words severally. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is windual practice? What is shake up in biologic name? ar evokeual practice and put forward the same thing? Explain why or why non? enkindleual practice is wheather a person is masculine or womanish. Sex in biological harm is the property or quality by which organisms ar classified as female or male on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions. wakeual practice and sex atomic number 18 not the same sex refers to the differences of biological and sexual urge describes the characteristics of male and females. How do sex activity and sex land to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and muliebrity? * sex activity and sex raise to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity in many slip counsel. Gender and sex concepts and constructions of mascu linity and feminity of existence able-bodied to tell the difference between the two. They show them as organism completely different care males being the protector and the ladies as being caring and emotional.Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we plow gender and sex in diversity? * Yes, I do feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we follow gender and sex in diversity. I feel that we look at males in unrivalled light and females in another, we all at some point expect men to be the ones that atomic number 18 tough, and brave and look at women as being emotional. When it could be the other way around. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our arrangement of sexual orientation? Explain.Yes, I feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation in many ways. We have a understanding of what each gender is and what they provide, causing us to make a decision on who we want to be wi th in life. Whether we ar Heterosexual attracted to individuals of the opposite sex, Bisexual attracted to members of either sex, Homosexual attracted to individuals of ones own sex. References Debbie Bridges, August 02, 2012, Sexual Orientation, intend from www. webmd. com Brandon Jones, manifest 18,2013, Sex and gender distinction, Retrieve from www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sex_and_gender_Gender and Sex Worksheet1) What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? a. Gender is the condition of being female or male and an internal sense of self. Sex in biological terms refers to the physical attributes such as sex chromosomes and hormones. No they are not the same thing even though much of society uses these words interchangeable to hold the same meaning. Gender is what a person most identifies with internally and externally.And sex is how you are natural you are either borne a female or a male. 2) How do gender and sex cont ribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? b. They reckon apart in many different ways we are born either male or female which is our sex. This determines what role we will fall in to in society. Gender is our internal self which sex we feel we most identify with. We are born in to the construction society has set unwrap for us.Men are the head and women follow behind and this is seen in many aspects of society. Such as the kinsfolk hold in wages, job advancement, and job opportunity. 3) Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? c. Yes our concepts do affect the way we view gender and sex in diversity. We believe that there is only a right way and a wrong way and if you do not follow society ways than we are viewed and categorized differently.Our views and the views society says are the average in which we must follow. 4) Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain. d. Yes our concepts do contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation our concepts of sex in you are born with female organs or male organs by being born in to a certain sex you will take on a certain role society says you should fit in to. You are also to like or be attracted to the opposite sex as you as society says that this is the norm.Gender and Sex WorksheetAssociate Program Material Gender and Sex Worksheet Answer the following questions in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? Gender is the description or identification of a person as either male or female. In bioloical terms, sex is described as the biological differences between men and women. Gender and sex are not the same thing. Gender describes a person as male or female, which can be primed(p) by the ender in which a person identifies with.For example , a transgendered female is essentially a person that was born a male, but identifies with females. In this particular situation, the person would be considered female from the gender perspective. However, the person is lock away considered male from the perspective of sex in the bioloical sense. How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? Gender and sex are major contributors to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity in many ways. The biological sex of a person determines how parents and families interact with their chelaren from birth.If the child is a girl, we dress them in pastel colors and bargain them dolls. We tend to be more compassionate towards our daughters. If the child is a boy, we dress them in blue and subvert them tonka trucks and action figures. We tend to be more active and athletic with our sons. However, if at some point that child finds themselves to identify with the opposite gender, they will exhibit characteristics of that gender (i. e. a male with feminine behaviors and characteristics). Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity?I moot that our societys concepts of gender and sex definitely contribute to how we embrace gender and sex. We tend to be less open-minded if a transgendered woman prefers to be addressed as a male and wants to be called by a male name. We are uncomfortable when a male dresses as a female and exhibits feminine behaviors and characteristics. In actuality, we should all accept those for who they are, no matter their gender or sex. Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain. Our concepts of gender and sex can contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation.It is considered normal to be heterosexual in our society and being gay or sapphic is becoming more acceptable in our society. However, if a transgendered woman, who is biologically a male, chooses to be intimate with a male it is considered to be homosexual behavior. This scenario could go both ways because the transgendered woman considers herself a man being intimate with a woman, which is characteristically heterosexual behavior. I believe that love is universal ans should not be defined as heterosexual or homosexual. People should be with the person that they love unconditionally, whether they are male or female.Gender and Sex Worksheet- Associate Program Material Gender and Sex Worksheet Answer the following questions in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use. What is gender? What is sex in biological terms? Are gender and sex the same thing? Explain why or why not? Gender is wheather a person is male or female. Sex in biological terms is the property or quality by which organisms are classified as female or male on the basis of their reproductive organs and functions.Gender and sex are not the same sex refers to the differences of biological and gender describes the characteristics of male and females. How do gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity? * Gender and sex contribute to the concepts and constructions of masculinity and femininity in many ways. Gender and sex concepts and constructions of masculinity and feminity of being able to tell the difference between the two. They show them as being completely different like males being the protector and the ladies as being caring and emotional.Do our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity? * Yes, I do feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to the ways we embrace gender and sex in diversity. I feel that we look at males in one light and females in another, we all at some point expect men to be the ones that are tough, and brave and look at women as being emotional. When it could be the other way around. Do our concepts of gender a nd sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation? Explain.Yes, I feel that our concepts of gender and sex contribute to our understanding of sexual orientation in many ways. We have a understanding of what each gender is and what they provide, causing us to make a decision on who we want to be with in life. Whether we are Heterosexual attracted to individuals of the opposite sex, Bisexual attracted to members of either sex, Homosexual attracted to individuals of ones own sex. References Debbie Bridges, August 02, 2012, Sexual Orientation, Retrieve from www. webmd. com Brandon Jones, March 18,2013, Sex and gender distinction, Retrieve from www. wikipedia. org/wiki/Sex_and_gender_

Family Essay

1. Describe 5 different types of familiesA family is a group of race living in a household together either by think of wedding ceremony, blood nonification or adoption. Families be the reason for creating at onces federation. This is because in a family, people argon created and brought into the world, cargond for, and prone the correct tools to survive in life.There are five different types of families, which are as followsI. Nuclear Family The thermonuclear family is a family that consists of a m opposite, father, and their kidskin/children. In most cases, the arouses in a nuclear family are married. An alternative name for a nuclear family is an elementary family.II. Extended Family The extended family expands wider than the nuclear family. This is because it consists of grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins living either constraining or in the same household.III. Single Parent A single parent is when a parent lives without their spouse, leaving them with most of the responsibilities to raise the child/children on their own. A single parent is usually considered the chief(a) person who acknowledges care of the child. In some cases due to divorces or separation, the child lives with their primary parent, however is assumption the privileges of visiting the residence of their noncustodial parent, meaning the parent who does not suck in complete custody over their child. In this case, the noncustodial parent is most likely to be the father of the child. Single parenting has been caused by humansy reasons in at presents society, which includeDeath of a collaborator.Child abuse.Neglect.Divorce.Adoption, when the adoptive parent does not have a partner/spouse.IV. Blended Family A blended family or sometimes called a step family is a relationship when both spouses have been married before and have remarried again, which sometimes lead to a child being brought into the marriage from the past relationship.V. Foster Family Foster means to se rvice someone growand develop. A foster family is devil adults that take care of one or more children that belong to other parents. This action is usually called adoption.2. What are the rights and responsibilities of family elements?A right is something that people are entitled to. A responsibility is the opport unity to work singly and contribute your own decisions without being told what to do. Being a part of a family imposes rights and responsibilities on each family member that must be taken seriously. The overall rights and responsibilities of family members are essentially to look after the house and to take care of each other. The responsibilities of the parents are real critical.This is because a parent is supposed to feed, clothe, shelter, educate and provide a safe and comfortable living environment for their child/children. The rights of parents are to interact with their souls mates especially by dint of tough times when they need someone to talk to. Overall, par ents should provide companionship for each other. Similarly, children also have responsibilities, which include performing the chores that their parents salute them to do.These chores can include cleaning, assisting with cooking and looking after five-year-old personer siblings or other family members. Children also have the responsibility to be respectful and obedient to their parents. The right of a child is to be able to request some things that can be valuable to them from their parents. Perhaps most importantly, the voice responsibilities and rights of all family members are to ensure that the home is a safe and loving environment.3. How does tender pressure motivate the family?Social Pressures are the combined pressures that surround individuals during bothday life. Examples of social pressure are Peer Pressure, and faculty member Pressures. Social Pressures can be confusing and stressful. Despite the strain, these are common pressures that families are normally face up with, especially in the teenaged life. Social pressure affects the family because if not properly managed, it can cause family members to make poor choices, which can lead to the family breaking apart, someone being taken a counsel from the family, or in a worst case scenario, death.Social pressure with the big impact of it, sometimes lead family members into taking drugs difficult to relieve their stress. Social pressure can lead up to death in various occasions. This reason is caused mostly because of the pressure that is placed on an individual, forcing them into taking dangerous medication or hanging themselves which leads to death. numerous people turn to drugs or alcohol to relieve themselves from pressure. Other social pressure that people are affected by is unemployment or a general lack of finances.In this case it can force a family member to start stealing and committing robbery in attempt to provide for their family members. This can affect the family because it usua lly leads to person being remanded to prison for several years. Imprisonment of a parent automatically causes the dynahousehold to become a single parent family and When it comes to the family members trying to fix their problems with alcohol or drugs, this can normally lead up to addictions.In reference from pastor Philip Stubs, he states that social pressure affects a family unit primarily by way of supplanting the family time that is essential for the nature of the family unit. The competition with the family time, from various social events, projects or circumstances chairs in individual family members opting to reduce their involvement with their family and instead investing their time, money, and emotional energy in societal events, resulting the family unit being weekend. 4. Divorce has been one of the causes of the change in the Bahamian family Structure. Do you agree or discord? Give reasons to support you answer.Before answering this question it is first and most importa nt that we pull in what is divorce. Therefore what idol has joined together, let no man separate. (Mark 104) Now to the married, yet not I but the Lord A wife is not to depart from her husband. But even if she does depart, let her remain unmarried or be reconciled to her husband. And a husband is not to divorce his wife. (1 Corinthians 710-11). In the Oxford assimilators Dictionary, a divorce is the legal ending of a marriage. An online dictionary, Datasegment.com, refers to a divorce as a legal dissolution of a marriage contract by a court or other body having competent authority.I agree, divorce has been one of the causes of the change in the Bahamian family building. I then questioned government minister Stubs on his view of the question. Pastor stubs concord as puff up, he stated that Of course the Bahamian family bodily structure has also been defined by single parents who have never been married. While umpteen single parents overcompensate to lead excellent househ olds, the best model for a family is the one in which a married man and woman work together as a team and lead the household and family.I then questioned pastors from my church, abundant Life Church where Pastor ONeil Russel along with Pastor Gil. gave their view about the question. They too agreed with the statement. The pastors said that Indeed, divorce has been one of the major causes of the change in the Bahamian family structure. As a nation, the Bahamas has been founded upon biblical principles. The biblical model for the family is for a husband and wife to be living together in a inspired marriage which, as a result, produces children which ought to be brought up in the fear and admonition of the Lord.However, when a divorce occurs there is a disorting of what the family structure ought to look like. The structure is different when a husband and wife are not living together and this structure produces problems in the homes with the children as well as with society as a wh ole. In the Bahamas, there have been many divorces and as a result the basal family structure is deficient in function and effectiveness when it comes to our society.5. To what extent does the change in the Bahamian family structure lead to the many social problems in our society todayIt is very important to understand first that every family makes up todays society. The change in the Bahamian family structure is highly responsible for the many social ill in our country says pastor Gil. This is especially the case when it comes to young person men. Most of the social problems in our society are being committed by young men. These young men do not have any sense of identity, direction, or purpose in life.When the young men decide to take part in criminal activity, it always ends up in to a family losing a loved one. In the Bahamian society today, many residents complain about the men who are doing the crime not being brought up properly in their homes. The reason being for that pro blem is because of the feature that there is no father figure in the hose hold. This is the job for their fathers. When a father does not live up to his responsibility in the lives of his children, he causes problems with their identity.They are not given the discipline, love, acceptance, and direction that god has designated the father to introduce to them and thus they turn to other vices or persons to the detriment of their lives. The intake of this question from Rev. Philip Stubbs was very straight forward to the question too as well. Rev. Stubbs said that In our society the family is the most foundational unit. It is through with(predicate) the family that persons are socialize, that is to learn social skills so that they might be properly prepared to function well in society.The sad diminished familial situation had directly resulted in many social problems in our society. These problems include low academic performance, violation of the nations laws, low levels of ambitio n and long bourne planning amongst young people. In my opinion, the social problems are mainly because of how some parents are raising their children. inside the homes, some parents may not take time to spend with their children, show no kinds of love towards them, manage the aggressively and with all of this being done can lead to the child being a oath to the Bahamian society.6. How do you think the family can help to combat the social problems of today?The family can help to combat social problems today by being responsible enough to raise their children properly. Parents should pay close attention to the problems that are going on today and realize that because of the poor teachings about being a good citizen are leading to the many problems today. Pastor Gil says that the family can help to combat the social problems of today by seeking to remain together as husband and wife while raising godly children in the fear and admonition of idol. The parents are to be an example to the children of godliness and they should as a result follow their example.When more families decide to take on this purpose, the social problems of today will be diminish over time. Wanting to know more on what someone else thought we could do to combat social problems, I again question Rev. Stubbs on his point of view. He said that Socialization through transfer of training of excellent values like self- respect, respect for others, respect for law and order, promotion of Christina spirituality, promotion of education and exertion are key ways Bahamian families can help to combat social problems in the Bahamas.7. prise the role the church plays in creating a good familyBefore we can answer the question, we must first understand what is a church. A church is said to be a place that we can go and give thanks and praise to the almighty God. We can also go to the church for weddings, funerals, help with funds, and family crisis. The church plays a very big role in creating a go od family. Pastor Gil says that the church plays a vestigial role in creating a good family.The church is the pillar , ground of truth and the place where the family ought to go to receive biblical preaching and instructions that will help them to grow together into becoming a family that is pleasing to the Lord. It will train fathers to lead, wives to submit to the husbands in the Lord, and for children to obey their parents. The church is important because the teaching of Gods Word will help the family to be what it ought to become in the sight of God so that it will be functioning and the possibility of it producing social problems is decreased.

Which is more effective in fighting crime

Sociologists, in an attempt to explain and point out(p) the reasons behind delinquency, swallow concluded that there argon connections between specific youth behaviors with the home environment, family back principle, the neighborhood, associations, and galore(postnominal) different aspects that together, or separately affect the formative years of young peoples well-disposed environment. Delinquent children usually come from a background of difficult circumstances. Pargonntal alcoholism, poverty, breakdown of family, abusive conditions in the home, death of parents during armed conflicts or drug overdose, and the HIV/AIDS scourge, and etc. are some of the various(a) reasons that can leave children virtually orphaned.One or both parents may be bodilyly present, but because of irresponsibleness on their part (if even one of them is addicted to drugs or alcoholic), a child may move around developing certain ways and attitudes that are directly/indirectly caused by the parent/s dependency or drug-related behavior. In this case, true delinquency lies on the parents and the children are, in a way, orphaned or unaccompanied, and without each means of subsistence which, in the first place, the parents fundamental responsibility to provide. Generally, and increasingly, these children are born and/or raised without a father. They are first in the line of those who are at greatest take chances of falling into young delinquency.Without nonicing it as it is typical of any youth to be lacking in prudence, with newly embraced group, the gang, a similar subculture starts to assimilate them, and before long, they start to engage in activities of adult bend groups. It is usually after existence engaged in criminal activities for an extended period of time with its accompanying consequences (such as ending up in prison or rehabilitation institutions for drug addicts) that delinquents realize they are into a very atrocious zone.A large portion of all juvenile vi olations (between two-thirds and three-quarters) are perpetrated by youths who are members of certain gangs (Venkatesh, 1997). Unlike in schoolingtime and their family, these get no strict rules to be followed except loyalty to the group. It gives young people applaud when they somehow feel they are the rule in themselves. This is the lure of gangs. It gives the promise of fulfillment to would be delinquents. Popularity, rag to the powerful figures on the streets, freedom to express ones self, as well as flabby flow of money (if the gang is also involved in some illegal activities such as drug dealings, which is common in most gangs) are seemingly within grasp of anybody who just have the guts to dare (OJJDP, Mar. 2003).Children who are well taken care of by their parents and are thus adequately supervised are at less odds to be involved in criminal activities. Studies have proven that. A dysfunctional family, on the other hand, which is commonly characterized by regular confli cts, parental negligence, misfortunate communication because of absorption to outside activities by parents, are always assumed to be the breeding ground for delinquents (Venkatesh, 1997).Studies on Risk versus Protective FactorsAn insightful paper prepared by Resnick describes the theoretical viewpoint that risk and protective factors are two things that may mirror each other. Risk factors like low faculty member performance increases the possibility of child or youths involvement in activities that may abuse themselves and others while protective factors such as high academic performance increases the likelihood also of the mortal committing aggression against another. These factors reside in an individual and that a disproportion of one especially the risk factors over the other indicates a caution or warning the person may traverse in a agency which may foster a tendency to exhibit aggression or dotty behavior. In the study, identifying these fit or imbalance within indiv iduals may help reduce the occurrence of school frenzy by early detection of symptoms thus, interventions may be employed coming from various strategic points like the home, and the school and the community (Resnick, 2004).According to the Laub (1998), the home and the school are milieus that importantly direct the development of aggression or violence. onslaught at home significantly reflects what may eventually occur as aggression or violence in school, though not always. Male students attack peers or other male students. In addition, teachers are hurt either by verbal abuse, physical injury or threats of aggression. Fights that commonly occur in the campuses relate to possession of toys, equipment and/or territory, about retaliation, & rules of games (Laub, 1998).Nature of Violence or AggressionFrom very early, the type O of the criminals life is to seek excitement by doing the forbidden.-S.SamenowA radical turn from the contemporary to classical rationalizations on violent beh avior equivalent to possessing a criminal mind, Stanton Samenow offered a quite sweeping point of view base on what he calls errors of thinking. Whereas years spent in studying and treating adolescence clinical disorders, he had leaned upon the understanding that adolescents, criminal behavior and/or violence in general have social determinants as a study factor, this change of mind was brought about by a collaborative work with another practitioner Dr. Yochelson (Genre,http//www.criminology.fsu.edu/crimtheory/samenow.htm).An depute fear on the occurrence of violence in school is expectedly high not only because of what happened in Virginia Tech recently this is because other forms of aggression or violent acts committed by students have not changed instead, increased in number among campuses today. In an excellent study by Jaana, the author specifically quarantined these acts as becoming the source of fear for the average students to experience anytime during their school lives . The study reveals that suburban schools are also profiled as becoming unsafe these days.These violent activities can be in the form of physical attack for no apparent reason or provocation, fights without using any weapon, pilfering, breaking and entering school property, and vandalism. In addition, victimization occurs, in the manner of students stealing property of another (e.g., books etc.), being threatened because of racial or cultural difference, bullying, and threats of injury to teachers and not only to students among othersReferenceGenre, C.T. 2007. Stanton SamenowThe Criminalpersonality). Retrieved May 6, 2008Laub, J.H., & Lauritsen, J.L. (1998). The Interdependence of School Violence with approximation and Family Conditions. In D.S. Elliott, B. Hamburg, & K.R. Williams (Editors), Violence in American Schools A New Perspective, (pp. 127- 155). New York, NYCambridge University Press. Retrieved May 6, 2008from the Center for the arena and taproom of ViolenceJaana, 20 01 in Selected School and Youth violence statistics. Department of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (DJJDP).Retrieved May 6, 2008. http//www.ncdjjdp.org/cpsv/Acrobatfiles/statistics_2007.pdfVenkatesh, S. The social organization of street gang activity in an urban ghetto, American daybook of Sociology, vol. 103, No. 1, July 1997, pp. 82-111.