Niels Bohrs Theory Work Environmental Sciences Essay

Niels Henrik David Bohr was born on the 7th of October 1885 in Copenhagen and was boy of the Professor of physiology at the Copenhagen University Christian Bohr and married woman Ellen. Neil along with his small brother Harald who would in the hereafter go a Professor in Mathematics, grew up in an environment favourable to the development to his mastermind as his male parent was an high physiologist and so was chiefly responsible for Niels involvement in natural philosophies rousing while he was still at school every bit good his female parent came from a household that was distinguished in the work of instruction. After inscribing at Gammelholm Grammar School during 1903, Niels entered The Copenhagen University where he was under the instruction of Professor C. Christiansen who was a profound original and extremely talented physicist. Niels took a Masterss degree in Physicss in 1909 and a Doctor ‘s grade in 1911. While Niels was still a pupil an proclamation from the Academy of Sciences in Copenhagen of an award that would be given for the solution to a specific scientific job caused Niels to transport out a theoretical and experimental probe on the surface tenseness by manner of hovering unstable jets. His work that he carried out in his male parent ‘s research lab for which he was awarded a award of a gold decoration was released in the Transactions of the Royal Society during 1908. However Bohr ‘s continual surveies became progressively more theoretical with his physician ‘s debate being a complete theoretical work of the history of the belongingss of the metals with the support of the negatron which to this twenty-four hours is still a authoritative subject. It was in this that Niels was first to be confronted together with the effects from Planck ‘s quantum theory of radiation. During the fall of 1911 Niels Bohr made a stay at Cambridge, where he gained by following the practical work go oning in the Cavendish Laboratory under the counsel of Sir JJ. Thomson every bit good as this he pursued his ain theoretical surveies. During the spring of 1912 Niels worked at the research lab of Professor Rutherford in Manchester, where merely in these old ages such thorough scientific life and activity prevailed as a consequence of that research worker ‘s of import enquiries into the radioactive phenomena. Having carried out a theoretical work on the incorporation of alpha beams which was released in the Philosophical Magazine in 1913, Niels moved on to the construction of atoms on the foundation of happening the atomic karyon by Rutherford. By borrowing constructs from the Quantum Theory which was established by Planck, which increasingly came to busy an of import topographic point in scientific discipline of theoretical natural philosophies, Niels achieved in wor king out and so eventually showing a diagram of atomic construction that, with future accommodations ( chiefly from the consequence of Heisenberg ‘s thoughts in 1925 ) , and still serves as a light of the physical and chemical belongingss of all elements. During the twelvemonth of 1913 into 1914 Bohr did talks on natural philosophies at Copenhagen University. During 1914-1916 he did the same at the Victoria University in Manchester. During the twelvemonth of 1916 he was made Professor of Theoretical Physics at the Copenhagen University and stayed therefore since 1920 Niels was the caput of this institute of Theoretical Physics that was established at the university for Bohr, ( until his decease during 1962 ) . Niels received acknowledgment for his work on the construction of atoms when he was awarded with the Baronial Prize in 1922. Niels Bohr ‘s probes in his Institute from 1930 became progressively directed at the assemblage of information on the construction of atomic karyon, and of their transitions and atomizations. During 1936 Niels highlighted that in the atomic procedures, the smallness of the countries where interactions take topographic point warrant the passage processes in the instance of atoms to be talked about in a more classical manner. Harmonizing to this position a really good image of a karyon would be a liquid bead. The comprehension of the method of atomic fission was permitted by the alleged liquid bead theory when the splitting of U was discovered subsequently by Hahn and Strassmann during 1939, and formed the base of valuable theoretical work in this subject among others by Frisch and Meitner. Niels Bohr besides helped with the account of the troubles found in quantum natural philosophies in peculiarly when he developed the construct of complementarity. By this Bohr could demo how deeply the cardinal characteristics of scientific mentality was affected by the alterations in natural philosophies and as a effects of this alteration of attitude range much further past the range of atomic natural philosophies and touch on all the spheres of human cognition. In a figure of essays were written during 1933- 1962 discoursing these positions. These essays are available in the English linguistic communication and are collected in two volumes each with the rubric: â€Å" Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge and Essays 1958- 1962 on Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, edited by John Wiley and Sons, New York and London in 1958 and 1963 † , severally. Among the some 115 publications by Professor Bohr, three appear as books in the English linguistic communication can be referred to as stand foring his chief ideas are: â€Å" The Theory of Spectra and Atomic Constitution, University Press, Cambridge, 1922/2nd. ed. , 1924 ; Atomic Theory and the Description of Nature, University Press, Cambridge, 1934/ reissue 1961 ; The Unity of Knowledge, Doubleday & A ; Co. , New York, 1955 † . While Nazi Germany held business of Denmark during the clip of the Second World War, Niels fled to Sweden where he so spent the last twosome of old ages of the war life in England and besides in America, this was where Bohr came a portion of the Atomic Energy Project. Niels committed his work to in his ulterior old ages to the usage of atomic natural philosophies for peaceable agencies and besides to political jobs that were emerging after the devising of atomic arms. Bohr offered the recommendation in peculiar of developing towards the complete openness between states. Niels sentiments were particularly laid frontward in an Open Letter to the United Nations he sent during June in 1950. Bohr ‘s other accomplishments include being the President of the Royal Academy of Sciences of the Danish Cancer Committee, and the president of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission, he was besides a Foreign Member of the Royal Society in London. Niels was besides portion of the Royal Institution and Academies in the undermentioned Countries and States and Cities: Amsterdam, Berlin, Bologna, Boston, Budapest, Cracow, Dublin, Gottingen, Halle, Harlem, Helsingfors, Liege, Moscow, Munchen, Oslo, Paris, Rome, Stockholm, Trondhjem, Uppsala, Vienna, and Washington. Bohr was besides a Doctor, honoris lawsuit which means honour doctor's degree at universities, colleges and establishments from 1923 to 1939 ; these were located in Cambridge, Liverpool, Manchester, Oxford, Copenhagen, Edinburgh, Kiel, Providence, California, Oslo, Birmingham and London. From 1945 to 1962 ; Paris, Montreal, Glasgow, Aberdeen, Athens, Lund, New York, Basel, Aarhus, Macalester, Minnesota, Chicago, Zagreb, Haif a, Bombay, Calcutta, Warsaw, Brussels, Harvard, Cambridge and ( New York ) . Niels Bohr married during 1912 to Margrethe Norlund who was a perfect spouse for him. They had six boies but two died. The staying male childs made themselves celebrated businesss in assorted lines of work with Hans Henrik accomplishing a grade in medical specialty, Erik became a chemical applied scientist, Aage having a Ph.D. in theoretical physicist and so following in his male parent ‘s footfalls became the Director of the Institute for Theoretical Physics and Ernest became a attorney. Niels ‘ encephalon stayed qui vive as of all time till his decease ( in November 1962 aged 77 old ages of age ) ; during his last few old ages of Bohr ‘s life he showed a big involvement in the new promotions of molecular biological science. The newest of Bohr ideas on the job of Life came into position in his last and incomplete work was released after he died was called: â€Å" Light and Life revisited † .Atomic Theory Bohr ‘s Contribution.The Atomic Theory is a theorem on the nature of affair it states that affair is made up of distinct units called atoms and that in the universe could be broken down to highly little atoms. The word â€Å" atom † comes from the Greek adjectival â€Å" atomos † intending ‘undivisible ‘ was used to the basic atom that made up a chemical component because the chemists at that clip believed that these were the basic pieces of affair. The greatest valuable belongingss of atomic and molecular do up may be functioning as an illustration utilizing an easier made image of an atom that is referred to as the Bohr Model. This theoretical account was suggested by Bohr during the twelvemonth 1915 nevertheless it is non wholly right due to neutrons non being discovered yet but it has many features that are approximately right and it is equal plenty for much treatment. The right theorem of an atom is called quantum mechanics ; Niels Bohr ‘s theoretical account is unsmooth conjecture to quantum mechanics that has the unity of being much easier. hypertext transfer protocol: //image.tutorvista.com/content/atom/neils-bohr-model-atom.gif A Planetary Model of the Atom Niels Bohr ‘s theoretical account is every bit good known as the â€Å" planetal theoretical account † of the atom as an illustration it is used as a symbol for atomic energy. In the Bohr Model the protons are in the Centre of an atom this is called the karyon and the negatrons orbit the nucleus rather likewise like the planets in our solar system orbit the Sun nevertheless the orbits are non contained to a plane as is comparatively right in our solar system. This similitude between the planetal theoretical account and the theoretical account that Niels came up with of the atom in the terminal proceeded because the attractive gravitative force that is in a solar system and the attractive electrical force between the protons and negatrons in any atom are mathematically of the same. However even though the signifier is the same the strength of electrical interplay is much greater than the gravitative interaction in a solar system. In add-on to this there is ever a positive and negative electrical charge that causes the interactions to be drawing towards or forcing off nevertheless with gravitation it ever has an attractive force in our current existence.NIELS BOHR CONTRIBUTION TO QUANTUM MECHANICShypertext transfer protocol: //csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/light/bohrframe/h-levels.gif Quantized energy degrees in H The basal characteristic of quantum mechanics that is used in the theoretical account that Bohr came up with was wholly distinguishable from the correspondent planetal theoretical account where the generated power of the atoms in Niels atom is confined to peculiar distinct values. One says that the generated power is quantized significance that merely peculiar orbits with peculiar radii are allowed and so orbits in between merely do n't be. These degrees are marked by an whole number ‘n ‘ which is called a quantum figure. The lowest generated power province is usually called the land province. The provinces with repeatedly increased generated power than the land province are called: ‘first excited province ‘ , ‘second excited province ‘ and continues on a similar. Past generated power is named the ‘ionization potency ‘ with the individual negatron of Hydrogen is no longer attached to the atom. The generated power degrees so organize a patterned advance. In the circumstance of Hydrogen the patterned advance starts at 13.6 electron volts above the land province ( â€Å" electron volt † is short for â€Å" electron-Volt † , a by and large know unit of generated power in atomic natural philosophies ) . While this mode may look Wyrd to us that are educated from birth by watching phenomena in the macroscopic universe, it is the manner things act in the different universe of the quantum that grasps influence at the atomic degree.Bohr ‘s Engagement with the Atomic BombBohr ‘s cognition and ideas of fission were put to utilize in the creative activity of a concatenation reaction procedure that led to the development of the atomic bomb. Bohr used his â€Å" Liquid Drop † theoretical account to assist grok the fission procedure. During the Second World War, Niels and his household left Denmark in order to get away the menace against the Judaic people. Because Bohr himself was half Judaic ; his household and him escaped by taking a fishing boat to Sweden. After this Niels Bohr traveled to England where he was portion of treatments sing the atomic bomb undertaking. Bohr once more traveled during 1943, to Los Alamos, New Mexico to work with other Danish workers and other s cientists on the Manhattan Project. It is to an extent cryptic with the sum of aid by Bohr, but it is known that he was a portion of many treatments about the right usage and bid of the atomic bomb or with any other signifier of this freshly discovered energy beginning. Bohr was really disquieted with the atomic bomb and seemed to see it as something that could unite states, because it had the possible to do awful harm. As portion of Bohr ‘s work to advance the proper usage of the new atomic bomb Niels sent a missive during the twelvemonth 1950 to the United Nations to discourse peaceable policies with atomic arms. Bohr besides conversed with Roosevelt and Churchill about his sentiments about the topic of atomic energy.OTHER ACHIEVEMENTS BY BOHR.*1920-Bohr made descriptions of the periodic tabular array. *1936-Bohr described the karyon as a compound construction. *1939-Uranium isotope fission. This theory was proposed based on experiments to acknowledge the fission mechanism, by his co-worker O.R. Frisch in Bohr ‘s lab. The base thought for Frisch ‘s experiment came from the determination of decay merchandises by Otto Hahn and Fritz Strassman. Bohr was on his manner over to the United States when Frisch was undergoing his experiment nevertheless Bohr found out the consequences while on his manner and straight off came up with a theory. Bohr ‘s ideas deduced that the uncommon U isotope 235 was fissile by slow neutrons while the common isotope 238 was n't. This comprehension of unstable fission fragments straight off triggered the idea of using a concatenation reaction to make big sums of generated power. This was to be important to the devising of the atomic bomb in the old ages that followed. â€Å" Correspondence Principle † -Bohr stated that anticipations in quantum mechanics and classical mechanics should fit for the most energetic instances. Tw o theories were offered by Bohr and his fellow workers at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen. Copenhagen reading of quantum mechanics. Complementary Bohr described as how two things can be as two distinguishable phenomena, each every bit of import and each defined under different fortunes. An illustration would be how an negatron can act like a atom and a moving ridge. Both are every bit of import. Awards and Positions *1916-Bohr returned to the University of Copenhagen to learn Physicss *1916-He was appointed Chair of Theoretical Physics at U. or Copenhagen *Appointed Director of the Niels Bohr Institute *1922-Won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his atomic construction *1957-Received the first U.S. Atoms for Peace Award

Due Process And Crime Control Model Essay

The criminal procedure policy is largely shaped by the values and principles of Due Process and Crime Control Mode; each of them playing important roles in the emergence of modern jurisprudence and legal administrative approach. In the very simplistic terms, Due process states that without full and complete criminal trial, individuals cannot be deprived from their life, liberty, property (Banaszak, 2002). It also calls for legal safeguards for individuals booked under criminal charges. The crime control model on the other hand places heavy emphasis on circumstantial evidences, preliminary eye witness accounts, and police version in the legal procedures (Galligan, 1996). Supporters of the above two models have frequently entered fierce debates on their underlying philosophies, moralities, and principles. Critics of due process have claimed that it places deliberate impediments in prosecution of criminals, while crime control model is criticized for victimizing even innocents, and undermining the values of humanity, equitability, and fundamental rights of people (Banaszak, 2002). Although a macro analysis would suggest that both these models stand at opposite to each other, the reality is more complex and intertwined. Following sections would analyze how the present legal structure represents a successful confluence of Due Process and Crime Control model (Galligan, 1996). Analysis Contrary to the perception that due process is ideologically against persecution of criminals or repressing crime, the process stresses on creating a fool proof and infallible system of evidences and validation before starting the criminal trial. Therefore it rejects the premises of circumstantial evidences and eye witnesses, because they can be notoriously unreliable, biased, and perception depended, to construct any reliable representation of truth (Galligan, 1996). Emotive factors and psychological disturbances of witnesses do not allow creation of an informal and impartial account of the crime, always allowing probability of an error in the true rendering of the evidence (Packer, 1986). These considerations lead to rejection of the formal evidence gathering and fact finding procedures as indefinite and inconclusive in creating a factual and impartial tribunal system for criminal trial (Banaszak, 2002). In its purest form, the due process method states that as long as there is possibility or allegation of human error in the trial system, the final adjudication should not be passed. A major contribution of Due process in the legal system has been introduction of watchfulness on behalf of overzealous and enthusiast police officers and lawyers who advocate speed and expedite trial- the essence of crime control model. This model is formed on the values that repress and elimination of crime is the primary function of any criminal procedure system (Packer, 1986). The founding premises of the model are as follows: If criminals are not detained, controlled, and deterred by legal procedures then the validity and purpose of the entire legal system would stand defeated. The defeat and failure of the legal system and law enforcement model would see law abiding people becoming the victim in a system of injustice, human rights violation, and insecurity. This would greatly diminish the functioning capacity of the society, and thus effectuate the breakdown of civic order and public control system. Control of crime, therefore, is the essential to maintain the framework of civic structure, and hence there should be a high degree of criminal apprehension and conviction to retain faith and trust in the existing civic model (Packer, 1986). For effective conviction, the system should maintain a premium on speed and finality, as delayed justice is perceived as denied justice. Speed can only be ensured if the formal legal rituals and ceremonious trials are cut down, facts are gathered quickly, and verdict is announced based on the minimum set of facts that confirm the guilt and the crime. Conclusions It cannot be affirmatively said that the present legal structure is a model confluence of both the approaches, or that they have ensured a fool proof legal procedure system where innocents are never prosecuted and the guilty are reasonably convicted. Nonetheless, they have rationalized the trial system and created the foundation for a more equitable and trustworthy criminal procedure system. Reference Banaszak, R. 2002. Fair Trial Rights of the Accused: A Documentary History. Greenwood Press. Galligan, D. J. 1996. Due Process and Fair Procedures: A Study of Administrative Procedures. Clarendon Press. Packer, H. L. 1986, Two Models of the Criminal Process. The Stanford University Press.

Children and Young People Development Essay

Section 1: – The pattern of development from birth to nineteen 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19yrs 1.2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important Section 2 – The factors that influence development 2.1 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors 2.2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice Section 1 complete: Verified: Section 2 complete: Verified: Section 3 – How to monitor development and make appropriate interventions 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development 3.4 Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcome for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern Section 4 – Early intervention for children’s speech, language and communication and development 4.1 Analyse the importance of  early identification of speech, language and communication delays the disorders and the potential risk of late recognition 4.2 Explain how mutli-agency teams work together to support speech, language and communication 4.3 Explain how play and activities are used to support the development of speech, language and communication Section 3 complete: Verified: Section 4 complete: Verified: Section 5 – Transitions and the effect on child development 5.1 Explain how the different types of transition can affect children and young people’s development 5.2 Evaluate the effect on children and young people of having positive relationships during periods of transition Section 5 complete: Scenario You and a colleague have agreed to run a series of training workshops at a local college for students interested in working in child care. You have been invited in to show your knowledge of Child and Young Person Development in a school setting. Your colleague is going to write the training presentations but you need to create a series of handouts which summarise the key points. The headings of the workshops are: the pattern of development from birth to nineteen the factors that influence development how to monitor development and make appropriate interventions early intervention for children’s speech, language and communication development transitions and the effect on a child’s development Your handouts could be in any form and could include written information, diagrams, tables and illustrations. Use the structure below to produce the 5 handouts that your colleague has asked you to create. You must cover each of the assessment criteria. Handout Number One: the pattern of development from birth to nineteen Assessment Criteria: ï â€™ Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. ï  1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs ï  1.2 Explain the difference between sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important 1.1 Explain the sequence and rate of each aspect of development from birth to 19 yrs Age Range Emotional Physical Cogitative (Intellectual) Language 0 – 9 months Emotional attachment to parents. Feelings (happy; sad; afraid.). A need for a sense of wellbeing and predictability of daily tasks. Starts to develop a sense of discernment for food and toys etc. Sleeps for most of the day. Shows excitement through waving arms and kicking legs. From 6 months on begins to rollover; sit independently; starts to crawl and pull up to standing position. Reaches out for objects and begins to grip them. Neck muscles strengthen enabling baby to hold head up. Begins teething. Slight responses using senses (sight; sound; smell; touch; taste). Mouthing objects Identify familiar people by their voices and facial features. Egocentric. Begins to compile visual images and to appreciate ‘reveal’ games i.e. peek-a-boo. Responsive to sound and familiar voices and turns head toward sounds. Responsive to facial expressions i.e. smiles. Begins to ‘babble’ and ‘gurgle’. Begins to say ‘dada’ and ‘mama’. Aware of familiar family names. 9 – 18 months Emotions develop i.e. Happiness; Anger; Fear. Distressed when others are upset. Looks for security and assurance from known adults, needs to be loved and cuddled. Draws away from strangers. Walking; shuffling; toddling. Begins to build blocks, can throw; hold a book. Pincer grip develops enabling child to hold pencils etc. Develops sleeping routine. Begins to imitate behaviours in others. Learns through the senses. Likes to hear objects named and understands familiar language i.e. eat; drink; dressed; bed. Begins to develop vocabulary (3 – 20 words). Uses gesture to communicate and reinforce language i.e. waving and saying ‘bye bye’ Connects sounds into ‘sentence structures’. 18 months – 3 years Learns to trust and become more confident. Has temper tantrums. Develops a sense of ‘self’ ant the need to do something for ‘self’. Understands and uses ‘No’. Shows lots of emotions. Lacks awareness of emotions in others. Begin to feed themselves. Draws, starts to stack blocks as fine motor skills develop. Can walk, run, climb stairs with caution. Enjoys action songs and begins to participate. Begin to use potty / toilet. Help to dress themselves. Recognise and name objects. Increased attention span, although still quite short. Continue to learn through the senses. Ability to match shapes and colours. Develop vocabulary at a rate of 3 words a month. Use three to four word sentences. Begins to sing simple songs and nursery rhythms. Can repeat simple messages. 3 – 5 years Unaware of others feelings. Sensitive to feelings of other people towards self. Growing confidence. Wants to please, seeks approval. Expresses emotions to others e.g. jealousy; anger; happiness. Ability to draw, use scissors, play catch. Can ride a tricycle, jump, run with confidence. Toilet trained. Enjoys sensory play i.e. sandpit; water, play doh, finger painting. Improved dressing skills. Rapid muscle growth. Uses imagination a lot, enjoys role play and dramatic play. Begins to see ‘cause and effect’ relationships. Is curious and inquisitive. Asks numerous questions. Can develop imaginary friends. Aware of right from wrong. Vocabulary increased up to 1500 words. Can have extended conversations. Can describe an event or what happened that da. Can carry out simple instructions. 5 – 12 years May start to show fear of dark, dogs, falling etc. Finds it difficult to accept criticism. Doesn’t like losing. Can display aggressive behaviour / tantrums. Can vocalise their needs and feelings. Can dress and undress. Care for own toilet needs. Confident running, jumping etc. Fine motor skills improved. Can draw, write, colour in more accurately. Learns to read and write. Can recognise and name more complicated shapes and colours. Can follow more detailed instructions. Starting to form opinions. Very curious. Vocabulary up to 4000 words. Sentence structure improves and question asking become complex, why; how; when. Ability to remember events and describe with greater details. 7 – 12 years .Girls are beginning to develop faster than boys. Increasing awareness of self and others and the environment. Usually affectionate, helpful, cheerful, outgoing. Can be rude, bossy, demanding. Independence growing, dependable and trustworthy. Has improved body control. Becomes more competitive. Fine motor skills improve. Handwriting becomes neater and smaller. Baby teeth fall replaced by adult teeth. Hand eye co-ordination improves. Increased ability academically i.e. literacy; mathematics; reading; IT. Can form and articulate compound opinions. Creative and likes to experiment. Develops interests, seeks facts, capable of prolonged interest. Can do more abstract thinking and reasoning. Challenges adult knowledge. Vocabulary increases to 10,000 words. Sentence structure takes on greater complexity. Ability to use grammar correctly including appropriate use of a wider range of language and punctuality. Appreciation of humour develops. 12 – 16 years Puberty begins, affecting emotional development. Greater sense of independence. Better understanding of other people beliefs and opinions. Will debate and argue their own view point with clarity and an ability to justify their reasoning. Can become sulky and withdrawn. Develops a greater interest in appearance and what others think of them. Physical changes brought on by puberty. Rapid growth and muscle development. Become more efficient at running, swimming etc. Ability to be a team player. Possible acne or similar skin problems. Healthy appetite to discuss and debate opinions and causes. Increased ability for more difficult maths, literacy, reading, researching. Can vocalise own ideas and beliefs. Increasingly able to memorise, to think logically about concepts, to engage I introspection and probing into own thinking. To plan realistically for the future. Vocabulary increases to 20,000 words. Ability to manipulate language and use in appropriate settings. Can clearly and concisely articulate view points and question others points of view. Extended reading list. Appreciation of humour. 16 – 19 years Worries about failure. May appear moody, angry, lonely, impulsive, self-centred, confused and stubborn. Has conflicting feelings about dependence/independence. Has essentially completed physical maturation, physical features are shaped and defined. Probability of acting on sexual desires increases. Can understand and resolve extremely complex theories in maths, science, IT  etc. Reading and writing matures. Ability to debate and discuss at higher level with peer groups. A greater ability to use language and understand use appropriately. Ability to use grammar correctly and adapt as necessary. More sophisticated use of humour and word play. 1.2 Explain the difference between the sequence of development and rate of development and why the difference is important. The sequence of development is the order in which development takes places and all physical development happens in the same order for most people e.g. a baby must be able to hold its head without support before it can sit with just its lower back supported and then stand. A child’s development is generally broken down in to four of five specific categories i.e. physical; communication; intellectual/cognitive; social/emotional/behavioural and moral. Using these specific categories one can monitor the phases and stages of development within a ‘normal’ age range. The rate of development is the time period development happens at, there are guidelines available created from information gathered from observation indicating at what age various stages of development should occur, however, these are guidelines and one should remember all children are individuals and develop differently. The difference is important is because all guidelines are written in a way to support the development of a neurotypical child, therefore, if a child does not develop in line with the guidance it could indicate that there may be a problem. The guidelines provided for childhood development are a very useful tool used by both professionals and carer’s to monitor what a child can and cannot do at various stages in their development. By monitoring a child’s developmental progress, early indicators could be identified alerting the professional that there is a problem. It will also support professionals to plan efficiently and refer appropriately to ensure that a child gets the attention required to address the areas in which they are struggling. All areas of development are linked together, for example, speech can be affected if the child has difficulty hearing. The rate a child develops at can also be affected by their environment. One would expect a child who has extensive social interaction with people opportunities to play would develop faster than a child who has a more isolated life style and more limited opportunities to mix with groups of people and play. Handout Number Two: the factors that influence development Assessment Criteria:   Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. 2.1 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors 2.2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors 2.3 Explain how theories of development and frameworks to support development influence current practice 2.1 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors Children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of personal factors and how they can impact on the child’s rate of development and sense of well-bein rg. If a child has Special Educational Needs their development can be severely delayed in comparison to their peer group. Children who have conditions such as autism or global development delay social skills will not develop as expected, they may not have the skills required to interact with their peer group or learn through play. Children who fall in to this group may also lack the ability to copy or communicate through gesture and language and can often be described to be ‘in their own little world’. If a child has a physical disability their rate of development could be adversely effected. Children with mobility issues may not be able to walk or run. Their social interaction and opportunities may be limited and they may not mix as much as an able bodied child with their peer group. Appointments  with consultants and hospital could mean that they miss school. Their disability may mean they are not invited to birthday parties and social functions as an assumption could be made that if they can’t join in, they won’t enjoy it. If a child comes from an abusive home they could have emotional disabilities preventing them from trusting other people, especially adults. Doubting their own self-worth and their confidence in their own ability. It is very difficult for a child who has been mentally or physically abused to understand a safe and secure environment as it is alien to what they have come to accept as their ‘norm’. They can feel they are not as good as other children and believe that they cannot achieve what their peer group is achieving. Feeling like this about oneself can be crippling and can prevent a child achieving their full potential and it takes a lot of input from appropriate professional to help the child to recover. 2.2 Explain how children and young people’s development is influenced by a range of external factors. Children and young people’s development is influenced by a wide range of external factors. These can include anything from situation in the home, school or local community. If a family moves house when a child is young this can adversely affect their development. A child of school age could be plucked from the security of a community and school where they feel safe and have a group of friends and find themselves in a new school, living in an unfamiliar community and what could feel like a scary and alien environment. It can be daunting to the point of socially crippling for some young children to join an established class, to be the ‘new’ child and to learn how to fit in with their new peer group and understand the rules of how the peer group function. As a consequence struggling to fit in could impact on the child’s academic achievement, self-confidence and social development. A child’s development can be affected if a new baby arrives. When the family dynamic changes all members of the family will subconsciously review their  place in the family structure. Whether they go from being an old child to eldest child; baby of the family to middle child or only boy / girl to eldest boy / girl etc. It can be difficult to find your niche and the introduction of the new member of the family can result in feelings of jealousy, no longer being needed, feeling you have been replaced or feeling less special. All of these feelings can cause the child to stop talking, regression, bed wetting or spiteful behaviour toward the baby. When a family are expecting a baby they should take time to discuss the new arrival, think about how it will effect ‘me’ and encourage the children, reassuring them that they are very much loved and that the new baby will really need it’s big brothers / sisters and that all the children in the family are special. It is possible to manage and plan to minimise the effect of some external factors that could influence the development of children and young people such as moving house and having a new baby. Unfortunately, sometimes things happen which we haven’t had time to prepare for. If a family member, close friend of the family, class mate or even a pet dies a child can find it very difficult to understand. The concept of death is challenging for most adults to comprehend so trying to explain to a child that someone they love has left and they won’t be seeing them anymore can devastate a child. They will struggle to manage these new emotions and there is a risk they blame themselves. As with other external factors which influence their development the child could regress, become introvert, find it hard to trust relationships with people who might just leave them. It can affect their school work and may take them some time to accept the death and move forward. They will need a hug e am out of emotional support. 2.3 Explain how theories of development and framework to support development influence current practice. Over the years there have been many theorists who have studied child development and considered what might effect and influence their stages and rate of development. The theorists were all driven by individual ideals and beliefs. Many of their theories influence common practice in early year’s environments and schools today. Piaget’s (1896-1980) theory looks at stages of cognitive development. According to Piaget children progress through four stages of cognitive development which indicate how they see the world. Piaget believed that children actively try to explore the world around them and try to make sense of it. Through his observations Piaget’s developed a theory of intellectual development that included four stages. The sensorimotor stage from birth to 2; the preoperational stage from 2 to 7; the concrete operational stage from 7 to 11 and the formal operational stage which begins in adolescence and continues in to adulthood. Piaget thought that all children develop at their own speed but got there in the end. By considering each child individually and thinking about how one would create the best learning experience for them we are providing them with a quality learning experience. In the classroom we must consider that all children are not at the same stage of cognitive development. There needs to be a variety of suitable learning experiences for children at various levels of cognitive development. This supports outcome-based education (OBE) principals which state that individual learners needs must be catered for through multiple teaching and learning strategies and assessment tools and that learners must be allowed to demonstrate their learning achievements and competence in whatever manner and most appropriate to their abilities. Marlow (1908-1970) was a humanist. His theory suggest that our actions are motivated in order to achieve our needs. His theory ‘A theory of Human Motivation’ is often displayed as a pyramid detailing a hierarchy of need. The lowest levels of the pyramid are made up of our most basic needs i.e. physical requirements including the need for water, food sleep and warmth. Once these are met people move up to the next level, a need for security and safety. People move up the pyramid towards the top requiring the need for friendship, love and a need for personal esteem and feelings of friendship. Maslows theory can be seen in the classroom by the introduction of water  bottles, regular healthy snacks, breakfast clubs and lunch at appropriate time in the school day schedule. Once the child’s basic needs have been met it is presumed that the child is best placed to learn. There is a huge emphasis on safe guarding in schools, everyone working in the school environment is trained to look out for possible signs of neglect, and this too supports Marlow to ensure the child’s needs are met. Skinner (1904-1990) believed the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the cause of an action and its consequences. He called his approach ‘operant conditioning’. This means the changing of behaviour by the use of a reinforcement which is given after the desired response. Skinner identified three types of response i) neutral response – responses from the environment that neither increase nor decrease the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Ii) Reinforcer’s – responses from the environment that increases the probability of a behaviour being repeated. Reinforcer’s can be either positive or negative. iii) Punishers – response from the environment that decrease the likelihood of behaviour being repeated. Punishment weakens behaviour. Skinner’s theory can be implemented in the classroom by introducing a reward system. In younger classes ‘smiley/sad’ reward charts are displayed and smiley faces are given for good behaviour and sad faces for less favourable behaviour. As children grow older merit marks are given in recognition of good behaviour and detention for unwanted behaviour. Handout Number Three: how to monitor development and make appropriate interventions Assessment Criteria:   Please tick the box when you believe you have covered this in the content. 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young people’s development using different methods 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development 3.4 Explain how different types of interventions can promote positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern 3.1 Explain how to monitor children and young  people’s development using different methods. There are various methods of monitoring children’s and young people’s development. There are both summative (the assessment of the learning and summarizes the development of learners at a particular time) and formative (a wide variety of methods that teachers use to conduct in-process evaluations of student comprehension) methods such as formal testing i.e. SATs, which record a child’s academic achievement or observations, target checklists, tick box checklists. Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the standards for development, learning and care of children from birth to 5 years. There 2 main assessments of children carried out i) EYFS check children at 2 yrs providing a short summary of a child’s development between 24 and 36 months. ii) the EYFS profile provides a summary and details the child’s attainment at the age of 5. In Primary and Secondary Education the National Curriculum is followed. The National Curriculum covers learning for all children aged 5 -16 in state schools. Children with Special Educational Needs (SEN) work to ‘P’ scales, this is the statutory method used for reporting attainment. Key Stages were intruded in 1988. Targets defined in the National Curriculum are assessed at the end of each key stage. Key Stage 1 covers years 1 and 2, Key Stage 2 covers years 3 to 6. At the end of the Key Stage the children are tested by using SATs (Standard Assessment Tests). These are tests that are set for pupils in Key Stage 1 in year 2, in Key Stage 2 in year 6 and in Key Stage 3 during years 7-9. They are designed to measure pupil’s progress in the core national curriculum subjects compared to other children of the same age. They are a method of assessing pupils, monitoring progress and help plan future teaching. The children are tested in an exam like environment and provide a comprehensive indication of the child’s academic attainment. SATs provide a method of understanding academic achievement, however, many other methods are used to monitor children’s development including observation. It’s essential to maintain paper records, recording what you see and feeding back to the parents. Teaching Assistants support the teachers with observations and will monitor areas of development such as  speech, language, social interaction, physical and age appropriate behaviour, feeding back to the teacher with any area of concern. 3.2 Explain the reasons why children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern. 3.3 Explain how disability may affect development.  There are lots of reasons that children and young people’s development may not follow the expected pattern. It’s important to mindful that all children are different and will develop at different rates. However, it is also very important to observe children and be aware of significant differences in their development to that of their peer group. Emotional issues can impact on child development. Children who have experienced the death of a parent; sibling; close family member can become socially isolated. Not understanding the emotions they are experiencing, managing their own loss and grief and watching the grief and loss of their loved ones can cause them to regress. Some children have been known to stop talking when they experienced the loss of someone who was integral to their safe and secure world. They can experience anxiety and feel that others may suddenly die/disappear from their life. Children who are in care could have difficulty with their social development. If they do not have the opportunity to form a loving, trusting relationship with their parents then they could have difficulty forming trusting relationships with other people. Their own self value and self-worth could also be effected, feeling if their parents don’t want them then why anyone else would. Children do not have the capacity to completely understand all of the details of why they are in care but will feel the pain of rejection and in order to protect themselves could build up barriers, preventing them from interacting fully with their peers, teachers and care providers. Children who suffer with ongoing health issues development may not follow the expected pattern. If they have an issue which could result in lots of hospital appointments or days absent from school due to ill health not only can th eir academic achievement be adversely effected so can their emotional and social development. If their health issue is also a physical disability it could prevent them from participating in sports and physically able events. They could find that they are not included in activities or invited to parties as they are unable to take part. This in turn could  affect social skills and self-confidence. Children from different cultural backgrounds may develop at different rates and stages purely because the expectation of their culture is different. Some cultures view boys and girls differently and their expectations are according to gender could vary, there focus on areas of development and personal achievements to strive toward may differ to those that are in the UK’s expected pattern. The most significant factor that will affect development and prevent it from following the expected pattern is disability. Disability covers a multitude of issues including physical disability, sensory impairment (sight, hearing) or a developmental disorder such as autism. If a child’s fine motor skills and gross motor skills are not developing they will have problems controlling a pencil, developing independence skills feeding themselves (holding a spoon), walking, running, jumping. Children who are different will struggle in their peer group whether it be because they physically can’t keep up or if they socially can’t keep up. Communication problems can create a barrier to forming friendships and social integration. Children with severe developmental disabilities such as autism will develop very differently to the expected pattern. The world could seem alien to them, language a mystery, everything could cause confusion. Children with sensory processing disorder can struggle to cope in their environment and find it very hard to tolerate various experiences. A lot depends on the severity of the disability and the support and facilities available to the child. A child born with Down Syndrome will have a care plan in place from birth , their development pattern already differentiating from their peer group, expectations adjusted to take account of the delays one would expect to see in a Downs baby. Children with medical conditions such as cerebral palsy, again diagnosed from birth, could have associated learning difficulties which will effect both physical and mental development, so their expected development plan will be adjusted to include in their areas of disability. Children born with autism may not receive a diagnosis until they reach school age. Although they may have always been slightly different to their peer group, left undetected and diagnosed the expectation would still be to follow the normal pattern. However, once diagnosed adjustments would be made taking in to account the triad of impairments and how the child autism impacts on their development. Their social skills may not develop as  expected, they may not see the need to have friends or want to have friends. They may not understand role play, have appropriate communication skills. They may have sensory issues. These children are unique and they will develop at their own pace and in their own time. 3.4 Explain how different types of intervention can promote positive outcome for children and young people where development is not following the expected pattern. There are many types of interventions promoting positive outcomes for children and young people where development is not following the expected patterns. Social Workers work closely with the family and care providers to support a child who has been identified with having developmental problems or a disability. Social workers are a key link to other professionals who will work with the child. Their role is to form a professional relationship with the family and become someone the family can trust and turn to if they need to access other services. A social worker will assess the family’s needs and identify what is required to support the family and the child and channel this through to access the resources required to meet the needs. They will intervene if there are problems at school and remain a constant between the parents and child if a child is placed in temporary care, providing the child with a familiar trusted adult. Educational psychologist’s asses’ children in school, working with the class teacher to identify how a child learns. They look at the individual learners who have been identified as gifted and talented or with learning difficulties and provided a detailed report discussing what external and internal factors may impact on the child’s ability to learn. The educational psychologist will report on areas including physical development; communication; cognitive; educational attainment; approaches and attitude to learning; social emotional behaviour; independence/self hep skills; child’s views; parents views and factors impacting on progress. The report will detail recommendations to the school and if the child has a Statement of  Special Needs to the Local Authority. The recommendations will include the type of provision a child needs to learn, the type of environment and the type of strategies that will support the child to achieve their full potential. Speech and Language Therapists (SaLT) provide expertise in language, communication and swallowing disorders. They will assess the child in clinic and work closely with allied professionals to provide support. During the assessment they will provide a differential diagnosis, interventions and management for children with difficulties. They work closely with the child’s family; paediatricians; SENCO’s; teachers etc. to provide strategies and techniques to reduce the impact these difficulties have on the child’s learning. SaLT’s work with children who have difficulties including articulation delay; phonological delay; phonological disorder; developmental language delay; developmental language disorder; specific language impairment, dysphagia; dysfluency; social communication disorder; voice disorder; cleft lip/palate and oral dyspraxia. A SaLT uses their discretion to identify if a child’s SaLT difficulty is an educational requirement or not and where is should be situated on the child’s Statement of Special Needs. Occupational Therapist’s (OT) asses and treat physical and psychiatric conditions using specific activities to prevent disability and promote independence in daily life. They work with a wide range of people including children and young people to support them to overcome their disability. OT will work with children who have been given a diagnosis and will implement strategies which will support the child become part of the child’s daily tasks. They deliver support to children with diagnosis’ including physical disability and Cerebral Palsy; Developmental Co-ordination Disorder (DCD)/Dyspraxia; Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD); Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD); Sensory Processing Disorders; Significant Development Delay and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS). These are only a few of the many professionals working with children and  young people to provide strategies and on-going support to ensure that the child’s need are met and that they are placed in the best possible education environment. Working together to provide a multi-agency approach will ensure a positive outcome for the child and their family enhancing and enabling the child to achieve their full potential.

Analyze a School's Emergency and Crisis Response Plan Coursework - 1

Analyze a School's Emergency and Crisis Response Plan - Coursework Example This paper will outline the context of Murrell Taylor Elementary School, and evaluate it based on its breadth, specificity, clarity regarding roles, communications, and routine (including both exercises or drills and training requirements). It is important, before reviewing any emergency or crisis response plan, to ensure that one is properly aware of the context of the institution creating it. A school in a major urban area will have many different resources and challenges than a school in a rural area, for example. Murrell Taylor Elementary School is placed on the furthest west corner of Jacksonville, a distant suburb of Little Rock, Arkansas. The town of Jacksonville is quite small, with a population of only 22,000, but the school is none-the-less only a dozen and a half miles from the centre of Little Rock, which has a metro population nearing 700,000. Thus Murrell Taylor is strongly a suburban school, almost bordering on a rural school, with ready access to the resources (and sometimes problems) related to a major metropolitan area. In terms of micro-geography, the school is located on a mostly-empty lot, which abuts onto a small subdivision of houses on one side, and a shopping centre on the other. The school fea tures one central building and no outbuildings, with a large field to its front and several small recreational areas surrounding it. Murrell Taylor Elementary School’s crisis response plan has a fairly good deal of breadth. The plan opens with a description of generalized emergency procedures, including who can declare an emergency (the principal or designate) and who the next calls and decisions would need to be made by (in most cases district officers/ the office of the superintendent). This allows for a highly flexible, if somewhat broad and vague, framework for which any emergency can be used. The strength of this opening is that it can apply to

Global Food Crisis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Global Food Crisis - Essay Example The purpose of this secondary, desk-based research study is to inform the general reader about the multitudes of problems associated with meeting supply versus demand volumes to feed the hungry and also sustain new product development efforts using food products. This information is worthy of consideration as the future of food production and distribution, currently, looks considerably bleak and it ultimately impacts the quality of life for virtually every international citizen. The information gleaned from this secondary research study provides new information and factual statistics about the current state of the global food situation as well as future projections that continue to paint a dismal picture of success in meeting food demand internationally. There is no specific target audience that would best gain from the knowledge provided in this study as the impact of the global food crisis has an influence on scientists, government, general global citizens, and even stock market in vestors interested in commodity prices and value of their investment dollars. Russia, over the last two years, has experienced significant volume reduction in agricultural output of grain due to heatwaves and drought conditions that eroded more than one-third of the country’s entire crop output (Gorst, 2011). To ensure that the Russian people had enough stored grain to sustain its population’s needs, export bans were imposed on all wheat products until the country was able to improve total grain output.... perienced significant volume reduction on agricultural output of grain due to heatwaves and drought conditions that eroded more than one-third of the country’s entire crop output (Gorst, 2011). To ensure that the Russian people had enough stored grain to sustain its population’s needs, export bans were imposed on all wheat products until the country was able to improve total grain output. This export ban created a situation where wheat prices soared in European markets, leading to ongoing internationally-driven disapproval (Gorst). A similar situation occurred in Australia just this year due to excessive flooding caused by torrential rains and a variety of tropical storms (Mendleson, 2011). Australia relies on its export capabilities for a variety of crops for financial security, as does many of its import partners that rely on adequate crop volumes produced in Australia. Even though the disasters in Russia and Australia are not preventable, this provides excellent oppo rtunity for innovators to develop new farming techniques as a contingency plan to prevent such shortages from occurring in the future. These efforts could include refertilization of non-fertile lands in Africa or developing new greenhouse technologies for indoor food production. Biofuels are also adding to the problem as countries attempt to develop new fuel technologies to avoid over-dependence on foreign, traditional oil. According to a recent report, biofuels consumed 20 percent of sugar cane crops produced across the world between 2007 and 2009, thus raising these commodity prices (Chaffin, 2011). Even though innovators looked toward this new biofuel technology as a means to reduce the costs of foreign oil, it has led to significant shortages in the food supply. This is an indicator that biofuels

The Music of Michael Jackson Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Music of Michael Jackson - Essay Example There could be no answer as icons never are something or other solid. Great artists can create something significant and new, sometimes it can be a break out. Michael Jackson was quite a modern phenomenon, working inventively for and with a view of a modern mass audience, but within a general history of music I can compare him to Amadeus Mozart, a great classical composer of Baroque times. The reason is that Mozart was making a personal combustion to everything in music working in many different genres of coeval times. Similarly, Michael Jackson was working mixing genres of coeval music, and similarly to Mozart Michael Jackson never knew a life without music. Both artists were performing since a very early age, both were encouraged by fathers. The only great difference was that Mozart composed a classical elite music (it was a different social structure in Mozart times) while Michael Jackson was working in a popular music for a mass audience. There were other popular singers and band s in later 20th century, some of them being quite ahead of time from Michael Jackson (like Elvis Presley, or Frank Sinatra, maybe Freddy Mercury, and all the members of The Beatles), but no one made such a widespread, a cross-genre and cross-cultural contribution as Michael Jackson. The point is that Michael Jackson was a mass media phenomenon, a great showman, despite being a musician. Friends and producers say Michael Jackson was always reaching out to audience, and often appreciated a public image before music.

Experts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Experts - Research Paper Example He says that this thought is not the solution but rather the main problem. He claims that the government or all the people on the top are mostly in competent, tyrannical, and corrupt in their ways. The question that Easterly raises out of this book is that whether this philanthropy of the rich is a sham or actually, it points to an imperfect democracy. Throughout the book, Easterly goes on to condemn the act of the technocrats who claim to be helping the people from the clutch of poverty and in turn are crumpling their rights with these supposed remedies or solutions (Birrell). He notes that more than often these remedies, which are designed by these technocrats, are often imported from abroad. Further, these designs are although very impressive to hear in the beginning however, they have very little regard to the local conditions existing in the place it has to be implemented. Therefore, when these so-called remedies are put into effort they destroy the conditions of the economy and the people and harm them more than helping them in return. The author also shows that in most cases the autocratic economies have worse economic growth even in comparison to the democratic economies. She attributes this finding with the fact that the liberties, which are offered to the civilians, are highly essential for the free exchanging of the ide as, further this free exchange of the ideas would lead to the discovery of innovation, which would change the face of the world and ensure success. Moreover the author also points out the term innovation was coined as a term of abuse. What the author tries to make the world realize is that freedom is the solution to the problems of poverty. He claims that the arrogance of the Western thought should be abolished. He claims in this passionate argument that the approach of economic development of pitying and offering pre thought out solutions has to be stopped because these

GOODYEAR WILL IT SURVIVE THIS ECONOMY Research Paper

GOODYEAR WILL IT SURVIVE THIS ECONOMY - Research Paper Example Ratio Industry Comparison 1.5x Quick Ratio Industry Comparison 0.9x LONG-TERM SOLVENCY - GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO (GT) Total Debt/Equity Industry Comparison 315.3x Total Liabilities/Total Assets Industry Comparison 90.4x GROWTH OVER PRIOR YEAR - GOODYEAR TIRE & RUBBER CO (GT) Total Revenue Industry Comparison 15.53% Tangible Book Value Industry Comparison 48.15% EBITDA Industry Comparison 56.89% Gross Profit Industry Comparison 27.36% Receivables Industry Comparison 8.03% Inventory Industry Comparison 21.86% Diluted EPS Before Extra Industry Comparison -42.58% Capital Expenditures Industry Comparison 26.54% Cash From Ops. ... ble Book Ratio -18.03 Most recent data  Ã‚  Ã‚   5-Year Averages Return on Assets -0.5% Return on Invested Capital -1.4% Gross Profit Margin 20.8% Pre-Tax Profit Margin 0.1% Post-Tax Profit Margin -0.9% Net Profit Margin (Total Operations) -0.4% R&D as a % of Sales 0.0% SG&A as a % of Sales 13.8% Debt/Equity Ratio 5.24 Total Debt/Equity Ratio 5.83 Price Earnings Ratios P/E Ratio 26 Weeks Ago 17.9 12 Month Normalized P/E Ratio 150.1 GT Ratios & Returns Price-to-sales 0.2 Return on Equity 0.0 Operating Margin 7.6 Profit Margin -1.1% More GT Ratios & Returns > GT Financials Sales $18.832 bil Profits $-0.216 bil Assets $15.63 bil Employees 72000.0 ANALYSIS Goodyear is a prestigious company that has dominated the market by producing tire, rubber, and glass products. Recently, the company has recorded profits of $16,302 million at the fiscal year of 2009. This was a disappointing figure considering the fact that the company has a revenue increase of 16% in 2009. The net loss for the comp any was $375 million, compared to last year which was only around $77 million. Hence, the company’s revenue stream was declined 16% from last year. The company’s financial ratios no doubt indicate that the company is facing tough times. For instance, the net loss in their operations is a drastic $375 million. This type of deficit will not enable the company to thrive in these harsh economic times. Furthermore, the company’s earnings per share is extremely low, which raises the questions for the stockholders. The return on investment capital is -1.4%, which means that the company has low funds to buy fixed assets. The price/tangible book ratio is -18.03, which means the stock is undervalued. The company must need to address this issue immediately in order for the company to be marginal. In

Use of IT in supply chain management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Use of IT in supply chain management - Essay Example Planning for the overtime labor was also irregular, since the organization did not have an effective information gathering system that would predict the demand and the supply changes effectively. The initial spreadsheet system that was paper-based had proven to be ineffective in supplying such information. The problems that Sunsweet Growers encounter due to these constraints included the fact that its operational costs were high, since the company had to hire overtime labor on irregular basis so as to meet the demand processing needs. Secondly, following the initial use of a paper-based spreadsheet system by the organization as its information source, the organization relied on outdated data since this system could not process information in good time. The use of the paper-based spread sheet system also limited the collaboration between different departments of the organizations, while the time spent to process simple information such as demand or supply forecast would take too much time. The adoption of the S&OP software helped the organization to manage its supply chain better, through making it possible for different departments of the organization to come to the monthly meeting with collaborative information, which made it easier to identify the relevant areas of problem for departments and enhanced efficient projections for the future demand and supply changes. This made it possible for the different departments to cooperate and streamline their goals, so that they reflected the overall organizational objective. The software also helped the organization to produce demand plans routinely, which in turn ensured that the organization was now able to balance its demand forecasts with operational plans. Therefore, the cost of overtime labor was markedly reduced, while the time taken to generate important market forecast and supply projection information also declined. The inventory management of the organization also benefited through the

Intro to Philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intro to Philosophy - Essay Example the individual private conversations with ourselves that we conduct ‘in our heads.† People therefore talk about "making up my mind" "changing my mind" or of being "of two minds" about some matter about which a decision is required. This fits in with the idea that the mind is a very private and personal area to which no other person has access. The etymology of the word in English shows how there is some confusion as to what ‘mind’ actually means. In Old English it was ‘gemynd’, a word used to refer to memory and intention as well as thinking (, Harper 2012), even ‘having the mind aroused’. In Greek the word ‘memona’ referred to both yearning for something and also madness. In Latin, as in Old English, the word was linked to recall and memory. In English by the 14th century ‘to mind’ meant to remember. In French however the word is ‘esprit’ or spirit, and in German ‘geist’ i.e. ghost , both referring to an intangible something. The brain is obviously a physical object, it can be measured, observed, even weighed. With modern imaging techniques it is even possible to see it in action, chemically, neurologically and electronically. The mind however is much less tangible – something we all know exists yet cannot quite explain. It is a separate entity. Our body can be totally relaxed, even asleep, but the mind can be very active. The reverse can also be true - we are running along perhaps, pushing our body to its physical limits, while at the same time the mind is simply ticking over, thinking of almost nothing. The mind can be defined as that part of conscious beings which reasons, perceives, thinks, wills and judges. The Free Dictionary defines the mind as being :- The human consciousness that originates in the brain and is manifested especially in thought, perception, emotion, will, memory and imagination. It is also described in the same dictionary as :- T he collective conscious and unconscious processes in a sentient organism that direct and influence mental and physical behavior. All cognitive being are born with amazing brains and minds, yet it is something about which humanity in general knows relatively very little. This essay will consider various views on the subject, looking at research, at opinions, secular ideas and religious texts. It is likely that man, from earliest time, has been aware that he is made up of more than physical things, more even than what he perceives through his senses - man is after all a dreamer and also capable of spiritual experiences. Probably the oldest known ideas about the mind come from Zoroaster who may have lived as long ago as 2000 B.C.E.(Parsa, undated), although estimates of his dates vary considerably. According to his biographer Zoroaster, a Persian philosopher and the founder of the Zoroastrian religion taught that :- By keeping the mind healthy and by making use of creative forces, indi viduals can find satisfaction and passion in what they do. In Buddhism the body is compared to a house and our mind to a guest staying there. According to this belief when a person dies their mind moves on into the next life or place , and the house, as houses do, stays behind to be taken care of. (Kadampa 2010). The same article also points out that, as the mind is formless, it is totally unrestricted by physical objects – which explains why it is possible to dream or to consider something without being in its

Management and the Organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Management and the Organization - Essay Example This paper also involves the discussion about the advantages that vertical integration brings for the business.In order to understand the concept of vertical integration, let us first examine the contrary concept of horizontal integration. The term horizontal integration implies an organization which is consolidated or merged with another (or other) businesses with similar activities and operations. An example of horizontal integration is the merger of two small schools. Both the organization has almost similar operations, aims, and methods. The merger of such organizations may bring economies of scale, reduced overhead expenses and so on. On the other hand, vertical integration is the concept which describes â€Å"the coordination or linkage of different units or stages of the production process† (Heshmat 2001, p.101). An example of such integration may be the consolidation or coordination of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors in order to avoid the time overlap. This kind of coordination helps in maintaining the overall lifecycle and production process of a product. It helps in identifying the true worth, life, and cost of a product. Such coordination skillfully manages the production process without any delays in getting raw material from the supplier, unnecessary delays in production or unavailability of the product when the distributor or seller needs it. Hence, companies integrate vertically in order to make their business more accurate in terms of availability, quality, and costs. Vertically integrated organizations are more reliable in terms of quality as, for instance in production businesses, the integration of suppliers, manufacturers, and distributors help in maintaining the quality standards using the same quality of material every time in the production process.In conclusion, we can say that the organization may choose between the structures of the organization depending on a number of factors. These factors include but are not limit ed to the size, resources, and nature of the business. Some businesses adopt vertical integration approach owing to the benefits this approach may bring. However, the decision of opting for vertical, horizontal or some other approach depends on the advantages it brings and the ability to stand the disadvantages associated with it. Managers must think critically and weigh between the positive and negative outcomes of choosing any approach before applying it practically. The short term and long term benefits and loses must be accounted for before adopting any approach. A vertical integration approach is helpful in reducing costs but is difficult to manage. Hence, there is a need to carefully consider each aspect of business’s operations which are affected by vertical integration approach before adopting it.

The Only Imperial Power in Asia Essay Example for Free

The Only Imperial Power in Asia Essay In the nineteenth century, China, Korea, and Japan, as well as other Asian nations faced European imperialism. However, only Japan transformed its traditional society and became the only country in Asia that had colony outside. In my point of view, the Japanese success is depending on determination of the government and the strength of it reform. So what makes Japan have the determination to reform the whole traditional society entirely? Opium War: In 1840, Britain started the Opium War in China. Because of corruption of the Chinese government and Advanced British army, in the end of the war, China was defeated. Japan shocked. China, a wealth and strong empire, an advanced country Japan learned from for thousand years, failed in a war with a real empire. Japanese contemplated and hesitated. What they should do when they have to face those strong enemies. I think that one of the reason why the Black Ships arrived in Japan in 1853 and forced Japanese to accept them, and Japan did so, even with welcoming attitudes. Besides, at that time, Japan didn’t have ability to defeat those aggressors. More and more western countries came to Japan with new technologies, new products and new work system, etc. Japan is closed for too long time. After saw all those achievements from Industry Revolution by Japanese’s own eyes, they found the distance between themselves and advanced western countries. All those new things cause the fail of Tokugawa Bakufu. Meiji Restoration started. Government during Meiji Restoration: In April 6 1868, the Oath in Five Articles was published and became the basic guiding principle of the government. Meiji period began. The new government of Japan applied a lot of policy during that time. They changed the traditional society structure. Samurai was no more the lords. Businessman had more attention than before. Government also support a lot industry to get start, the earlier one is filature. In 1882, Japan Central Bank was set. Under the slogan of â€Å"Enrich the Country, strengthen the military†, in 1871, the new government set Iwakura Diplomatic Delegation to visit 12 countries in the Europe and America for almost 2 years. There were 49 government officials in the team, almost half number of the all officials in Japan government. To pay the expense of this trip, the new government used 2% of its GDP of that year. I think that this is part of the reason why Japan reformed its whole society system entirely and learned it from western countries. On the other side, 58 years after Opium War, China also had a restoration, called The Reform Movement. It was supported by the Emperor Kuang Hus, but it didn’t get support from the government officials, even not from his mother, Empress Tzu Hsi who had real power of China. Most changes and policy applied in China were surface work, didn’t change from the basic principle like what Japan did. The most obvious difference of it was that in 1890, The Constitution of the Empire of Japan was published. All those caused the failure of reformation in China. People in the Meiji Restoration: Shibusawa Eiichi, was a Japanese industrialist, founded more than 500 hundreds of modern corporations in Japan, He was a member of Tokugawa Akitake’s Delegation to the Paris World Exposition. In this trip, he observed modern European societies and culture for the first time. When he visited Belgium, the king told him the importance of steel industry and hoped Japan can buy from Belgium. Shibusawa Eiichi was so surprised; he said that a king is to sell his country’s product even when meeting guests from other place. He realized the importance of industrial of a country. Therefore, he decided to stay in European for studying. He came back to Japan in 1868 with his new thought, and got a job in economic department of Meiji government. He became a driving force in the building of a modern Japan as head of the Kaisei Kakari, or office of the Ministry of Finance in charge of reform. Okubo Toshimichi is regarded as one of the main founders of modern Japan. During Meiji Restoration, he was a Finance Minister, enacted a Land Tax Reform, and prohibited samurai from wearing swords in public, even though he was one of them. We can see his determination of changing Japan from very basic. The greatest achievement of him was the establishment of modern governmental structures. For a time he was the most powerful man in Japan. On 14 May 1878, he was assassinated by samurai. Summary: In my opinion, Japan became the only imperial power in Asia during nineteenth century, because the way it reformed. Japan’s restoration was not only applied on industry like China, but also on government system and society structure. The development on its society structure and police system helped Japan have much faster progress in industry than any other countries at that time.

Pneumatic Auto Gear Changer Project

Pneumatic Auto Gear Changer Project (a) Introduction 1.1 This career episode is based on my design and fabrication project carried out during the penultimate year of my bachelors degree in Mechanical Engineering at Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering (Anna University Affiliated)-Sriperumbudur, Tamil Nadu state, India. Established in 2001, it is a self-financed and one of the best engineering institutes in Tamil Nadu. The project was completed over a period of 3 months from December 2012 to March, 2013. (b) Background 1.2 The project on Pneumatic Auto Gear Changer was carried out in order to understand and implement theories in gear change application. Its purpose was to analyze the various steps involved and to provide recommendations for a real world use of this technology. I carried out this project as a part of a group of four people. In this project, a push button was used to activate/deactivate a solenoid valve and at the time of gear changing, the switch was triggered and the solenoid valve was activated. This in turn causes the compressed air to go through the pneumatic cylinder. The compressed air pushes the pneumatic cylinder as it passes through a tube and henceforth changes the gear from one speed to the other with the help of a gear box arrangement. 1.3 The automatic gear changing structure is relatively useful in low cost automation in all automobiles. Pneumatic systems work at higher speeds and the manpower requirement is reduced due to this project. The design and the implementation of this project in the real world application was made and a detailed report was submitted. This project work was supervised under Mr. Manoj Kumar, the associate professor in the department of mechanical engineering at Rajiv Gandhi College of Engineering. As it was an open ended project, I had to look up through several online journals, document reviews and also took guidance from the head of the department on various projects and ideas. The project time was quite limited and had to be come up with a proper design plan before the actual start of the project. This proved to be quite a challenging task as this was the first real world project in my career. However, I was completely aware of the fact that, these would be the kind of challenges and problems I would face in real life as a professional engineer. Some of the duties I was involved in during the course of this project were as follows: I carried out an extensive study on various materials relating to the pneumatic systems. Since, there was no specific consensus on the selection of compressors, I had to select the one that best suited the requirements of the project while considering all the technical aspects. I also dealt with the equipment suppliers on behalf of my team to purchase the necessary materials needed for the project. I attended meetings with my supervisor to discuss individual observation and the progress of the project. I presented this project to the department faculties and also completed an extensive project report. (c) Personal Engineering Activity As a first step of the project, I explained my thoughts on doing this project to my supervisor. I carried out my research regarding the project and presented him the importance of the project before carrying out the project.ÂÂ   The present scenario gear changer plays a vital role in automobiles.ÂÂ   Manual transmissions have become uncommon in many cases of cars sold across Australia, North America and some parts of Asia. However, they remain dominant in parts of Europe and other developing countries. Hence, I did an analysis on the present day vehicles equipped with automatic transmission option and those that are not and further highlighted the importance of the project in the present and future of automobiles as well as in certain machineries. After deciding on the project, I carried out numerous literature reviews in order to come up with an appropriate design plan and to acquire the necessary equipment needed for the project. However, the articles and writings published on the topic was quite limited and were available for only specific cases.ÂÂ   As my project was regarding the project pneumatic gear changer, I did my extensive research on the pneumatic side of the project. Furthermore, I reviewed the advantages of pneumatic system and discussed with my supervisor for the usability in the project. Pneumatic system and was best considered due to its following reasons: The pneumatic system power output could be easily controlled Over loading does not affect the pneumatic systems The pneumatic system could be used at varying working temperatures Transportation of air through pipelines over long distances can be easily done with pneumatics in place. Pneumatics enables high working speeds It is a system which requires minimal upkeep. In this project, I used a reciprocating compressor as the key component for the supply of compressed air. I selected the appropriate equipment for the project after evaluating the suitability of information acquired from several sources. A compressor is an instrument that sucks in air and gas at an optimum pressure and deliverers the air back at a higher pressure as the output. It was very important for my project to select the appropriate compressor as pneumatic systems operate primarily on the supply of both compressed air and pressure into the system. Moreover, I had to make sure, clean conditions were maintained during the phase of the project as warm and moist air could result in precipitation of condense from the compressed air. The following is the schematic diagram of pneumatic auto gear changer used in this project. Figure 1: Schematic diagram of pneumatic auto gear changer I also considered an important element for this project which was the push button. The push button switch was fixed near the driving seat of the vehicle. Besides this, I had set up an air tank with fully filled compressed air in it. Prior to gear changing, the solenoid valve was activated by triggering the switch. The compressed air streamed from the air tank to the pneumatic cylinder as the solenoid valve was open. Likewise, at the time of compressed air inlet into the cylinder, the pneumatic cylinder moved forward and the gear box liver moved along automatically from one position to the next. The gear box liver was further activated which allowed the vehicle running at different speeds. I have highlighted the advantages of this type to my supervisor and was duly approved and appreciated by him. They are as follows: It required simple maintenance cares A safe system for the automobile. Easy to Handle. Low cost automation project Repairing was easy. Easy replacement. However, some of the disadvantages of this type were as follows: Initial cost was high. The system was a complicated one. During the course of this project, I used a control valve to control the flow direction within the system. I also used a 3/2 single acting solenoid valve, having one inlet, outlet and an exhaust port. The air entered the pneumatic single acting solenoid valve once the push button was activated. Moreover, I introduced a pneumatic shifter to the whole design as it works through compressed air power. So once the gear changing signals were received, the pneumatic shifter opens or closes the magnetic valve assembly. The compressed air flows into the system once these valves are open, or thrusts it out thereby creating the effect of shifting gear mechanism. More compressed air into the system allowed the gear to be shifted up and the gear shifted down as the air was let. Furthermore, I used an on-board tank to get this compressed air to the cylinder even though I knew re-routing the engine exhaust could be a possibility and be economically viable however, it would result in lower performan ce as most of the oxygen present in the exhaust gas would already be burnt. Figure 2: Schematic of a 3/2 single acting solenoid valve After the analysis on various aspects of this project, I discussed my project outcomes and my results.ÂÂ   Putting all the information to use, I wrote the final report titled Pneumatic Auto Gear Changer and presented this to my department professors and to the head of the department. (d) Summary This project presented me with the opportunity to understand the applications of theoretical knowledge that I had acquired in class rooms to implement in a real world project.ÂÂ   Discussions during the project with the supervisor provided great insight to challenges presented throughout the project.ÂÂ   The challenges uncovered were resolved by use of appropriate technical skills. This project also helped me understand the working and execution of any engineering project and served as a stepping stone to the real world. Overall, I am very happy that I could contribute myself effectively to this project at its various stages and also helped to secure the highest possible grade for this project.

Germanys Refugee Intake

Germanys Refugee Intake Germany’s important model in aiding refugees but limitations arise Introduction A streamline of images appeared on the television screen located in the living room of a German household. Various colors from the news segment on Syrian refugees reflected on the faces of the viewers. The topic of refugees was a highly discussed one throughout Europe. Many of the refugees consisted of Syrians as a result of the Syria crisis that began in 2011. Germany has been one of the most prominent figures as their participation in assisting refugees has been high. Germany receives the highest number of refugees, compared to other countries in the world, with the United States, who is considerably larger, coming in second (Marks, 2018). Germany has provided a lot of assistance towards refugees as there are programs, such as German language program and designated housings as a part of local integration. It is important to note that â€Å"Germany’s refugee policy is an important model† (Nanette, 2016); however, there are implications that arise as there may be limita tions on how far the generosity of one country can go. For example, as new people arrive in a country, the competition for markets such as the ones for jobs, increases significantly and this may create narrower job opportunities for current German citizens. As a result, several questions come up, with one relating to if it is okay to put the needs of others before citizens of the host country in any particular situation. Germany has been a good model of a country wanting to aid refugees and the events occurring in the country surrounding refugee issues but it is also an unfortunate term of being generous and welcoming and it is restrictive at the national level. Migrant Crisis in Europe In the year of 2015, about more than one million people, including â€Å"refugees, displaced persons and other migrants† (European Civil Protection and Humanitarian Aid Operations, 2018). have arrived in Europe, with hopes of a better life because of constant conflicts or few opportunities in their home country. These migrants arrive in Europe, typically after strenuous and draining journeys by land or sea and upon arrival, they often need help with basic human needs such as â€Å"clean water, health care, emergency shelter and legal†. This large increase in number also affects countries that are part of the transit route such as â€Å"Turkey, Greece and Libya† as they receive large amounts of people at a period of time that exceeds their capacity. The top countries in which persons who are applying for asylum Europe are from Syria (360,000), Afghanistan (170,000) and Iraq (120,000). The European country that had acquired the most asylum applications was Germany, a total of 476,000 in 2017. There are problems with the responsibilities shared by each country in Europe. This is because there are some countries in which more migrants arrive to, such as Greece, Italy and Hungary and this results in them taking in more responsibilities and using their resources. European countries have certain quotas established for the amounts of migrants that they can take from the transit countries such as Greece and Italy. Germany has the highest quota at 27,000, then comes France at 19,000 and Spain comes in third with 8,000. Top countries in which people are granted asylum status are Syria, Eritrea and Iraq. This from an economic perspective which helps further illustrate the seriousness of the crisis in numbers. Refugee Politics in Germany Flà ºchtlingspolitik or refugee politics in Germany is a topic discussed rampantly in the country. The German refugee policy is considered as â€Å"admirable in many ways† because of its attempts of trying â€Å"to fulfill its moral duties to refugees† (Nanette, 2016).There are many legalities of the policy taken from the German Basic Law, specifically article 16a, where people have the right to asylum. It states that â€Å"persons persecuted on political grounds shall have the right of asylum† and this relates to the issue of refugees. Two important laws of the refugee policy, the Asylum Law and Integration Law, were created and passed on July 7, 2016. Through these policies, refugees are first â€Å"granted either asylum or protected refugee status† (290) for a duration of three years or the other option of â€Å"subsidiary protection† for only one year. They then go through a series of regulations to determine their status in Germany. One of the restrictions include from this process includes that if the country that they arrived from was considered a â€Å"safe country†, then they would automatically face rejection and their future is decided, â€Å"a scheduling for deportation† but there could a ban placed upon this deportation if it one of several reasons is determined such as if their life would be endangered, â€Å"because of their health or conditions in their country†. Even so, there are problems with establishing clear boundaries for these categories of what is considered as a â€Å"safe country† and what would be â€Å"life-endangering† and questions about who gets to decide the fate of these refugees arise too. At this period, the refugees are not fully accepted, instead they are â€Å"tolerate† or geduldete in German. In addition, these refugees also have the opportunity to obtain further extensions for the categories mentioned previously or attempt to have a repeal of their decisions. Furthermore, there are specific requirements to be granted â€Å"asylum or protected refugee status† as the refugee needs to fulfill having a â€Å"well-founded fear of persecution in [their] country of origin† relating to several traits of â€Å"race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group† (Nanette, 2016). And those who want to acquire â€Å"subsidiary protection†, must have â€Å"substantial grounds for believing that [they] would face a real risk of suffering serious harm in [their] country of origin†, which does not exclude the conflicts relating to international or internal arms. It is important to gain refugee status as it is also necessary perquisite in order to have access to some benefits for refugees to support their family’s migration as well or allowed participation with â€Å"priority for job training and language courses†. In Germany, the refugees are organized into big buildings that are funded by the state but organized by private organization. They are housed in these large buildings until they receive news or updates on their status for asylum. There are many refugee housings throughout Germany and they are located in various areas, from â€Å"large cities to small towns† (Nanette, 2016), They are often cramped and in many buildings. Definitions for Refugees   It is important to note that there are establishments of the definition of who are regarded as refugees, even though in many places like Germany may regard the terms â€Å"refugee†, â€Å"asylum seeker† and â€Å"migrant† as similar and use them interchangeably (OECD, 2018). However, it is essential to learn about the proper definitions of the terms to avoid any possible confusions. Migrants basically encompass any persons that relocate to a different country â€Å"with the intention of staying for a certain period of time†. Permanent and non-permanent â€Å"migrants with a valid residence permit or visa, asylum seeks and undocumented migrants† can fall under this term. Furthermore, refugees are persons who have completed their applications for asylum and have been granted a bit of protection, which can fall under â€Å"formal refugee status according to the Geneva Convention or to the German fundamental law†. This term can also relate to other persons such as those that have participated in resettlement programs that were facilitated by UNHCR, especially in the host countries of Australia, Canada and the U.S. In addition, this term covers persons that have subsidiary protection. Subsidiary protection is typically granted to persons who have not qualified as a refugee but there are complications to their safety if they were to participate in repatriation or return to their home country. The third term, asylum seekers define persons that have completed their applications for asylum, but are in the process of waiting for their results. Unlike other Organizations for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Germany’s process for asylum registration has two tiers. First people are required to complete their registrations â€Å"as prospective asylum applicants† and then they will be able to â€Å"file an asylum request†. However, there has been few problems and complications that came from this two-tiered process as the amounts of requests has increased, so there have been â€Å"long delays in asylum seeking† in Germany. Solutions for Refugees The United National High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) has detailed several categories that are used in the process of finding possible and viable solutions for the problems of refugees. These categories include legal, economic, social/cultural and civil/political processes. Some things that need to be considered are the legalities such as rights that the refugees are designated that include basics rights such as â€Å"right to work, freedom of movement† and etc. (Refworld). When regarding economic factors, refugees should have the opportunity to â€Å"participate in the local work force either through jobs or self-employment† and have â€Å"access to land, acess to financing or credit and etc†. Furthermore, some features in the social or cultural process are that the refugee should be â€Å"accepted by the host community and State into the community without fear of discrimination† and they should have the opportunity to the â€Å"establishment of joi nt businesses and access to community centers†. Leading to civil or political processes, there should also be the right to â€Å"participate in civil society†, which includes being able to have the opportunity to government jobs and participate in the processes of elections. Even so, refugees could only be â€Å"granted† these rights or supervised by the UNHCR if they are mandated by them, which requires a long process to get to. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) details several solutions for the refugee crisis. The first solution involves voluntary repatriation, which is essentially, refugees returning back home if it is deemed safe. However, this solution has little implementation because of the problems with numerous amounts of refugees not being able to simply return because of ongoing â€Å"conflict, wars or persecution† in their home country. Another option would be resettlement in a different country. If voluntary repatriation is not a viable option. This solution encompasses several programs to help refugees with settlement such as â€Å"cultural orientation, language and vocational training† and â€Å"access to education and employment†, which are important in helping refugees adjust in a new country. Even so, this solution is not often implemented as only less than 1% submit for resettlement out of the total of 14.4 million refugees considered as concern to UNHCR. If the two previous options do not appear to work for the refugees, then local integration in a host country could work. This solution involves an extremely â€Å"complex process† as it places a lot of responsibilities and weight on both the refugee and the host country that is helping. Even though this is the case, there are also positives as the refugees that settle into their new host countries can positively contribute in a social and economic manner. This solution appears to be the most used, but it is not the most effective as there are complications. There is a total of 1.1 million refugees that have taken this route throughout the past ten years. Voluntary Reparation There will be a more detailed explanation of these three solutions that the UNHCR currently has in place. It is important to note that the term voluntary is taken seriously when discussing voluntary repatriation as it is crucial that this solution allows the refugee to make the decision to return to be â€Å"free and informed†. There should not be any pressures from any external sources and the refugee should not be convinced otherwise. Regulations are needed to appropriately measure this process as there needs to be the fulfillment that the refugee will return to â€Å"physical, legal and material safety†. UNHCR â€Å"provides the framework† for this process as it includes the responsibilities and roles involved. Some examples of the implementation of this solution include 4,600 Angolan refugees returning back in September 2015 and overall, 18,000 have returned since the year of 2014. Another example includes 5,000 Rwandans returning home in the year of 2015, to taling the number to 160,000 since the year of 2,000. Even though there has been somewhat some success with this solution, it is quite on a small scale and it not used often. Local Integration Local integration is the second option for refugees. The document that supports and is important in providing the legalities and the basis for this solution is the 1951 Convention and its 1967 Protocol. After a willing and able State, such as Germany, decides that they â€Å"will offer local integration prospects†. There will be a comprehensive process that will determine how the solution will get played out and this is determined with â€Å"a number of factors† (UNHCR, 2018). These factors are determining for which groups would this option be the most viable or important to and these can include â€Å"refugees born on a host country’s territory† and they are at a high risk â€Å"of statelessness† or have no determined nationality. The host country should also be able to recognize the possible challenges that come from opening up their country to refugees, which could be negative impact of refugees â€Å"living many years and decades without a clea r idea of possible options† but should also keep in mind advantages as the refugees can create a positive impact as they â€Å"invest in the country and contribute to the community†, such as in economical ways. There have been some instances in the past in which countries have been willing but are not completely able to help with local integration as they do not have enough resources and as a result, need help from the larger community at an international level. The number of able and willing is so small compared to the rest of the options and this raises the question about what could be done about the other possible states that could help with characteristics of willing and not able or not willing but able (UNHCR). An example of local integration includes Brazil as there has been a gradual increase in refugees in the country since the year of 2010 and as a result, there has been the decrease of employment opportunities available. Some steps that were taken were that there has been â€Å"increased partnership with the private sector†, to provide more opportunities for jobs for the refugees and also with public and private universities, to help support the education of the refugees, specifically higher-education. Local integration in Germany includes several projects such as leisure and sport program, cultural and languages program, program for women and more (Bundesamt fà ¼r Migration und Flà ¼cthling, 2018). Regarding leisure and sport programs, there are many opportunities for refugees to get to know other civilians as they participate in after-school programs that involve music, dance or sports. This provides several benefits as it aids the process in refugees being able to be involved in the process of creating something together and â€Å"breaks down prejudices† as others get to know the refugees and will be able to make their own perceptions, instead of preconceived notions from stigmatization. There are programs to help younger refugees to get integrated into German society with special programs in gymnasiums, or high schools and cultural programs to help them get accustom to German cultures as they interact with German students daily. There are also specialized programs for women refugees as there are courses to also learn German and courses that relate to issues of â€Å"everyday life, family, health and school†. There are also additional programs and services made available to refugees to help them comfortably integrate into the German community. Resettlement The third solution for refugees is resettlement and it is the option that is most widely used. This solution is important for refugees that are not able to find sufficient protection in their home or asylum country. Resettlement has the possibility of being â€Å"an effective mechanism for responsibility sharing and international cooperation† and this aligns with the principle of international solidarity as it provides possibilities of options to help (UNHCR, 2018). Agreements within the resettlement umbrella can help with refugees that travel overseas to disembark at coastal states. This is helpful as it differentiates responsibilities for â€Å"initial reception and processing arrangements from the provision of long term solutions. And this reason is now more important as resettlement being used as a solution has increased drastically as more States are interested in hosting and more cases are being submitted to UNHCR since the year of 2012. A case relating to resettlement involves Egypt and trafficking victims. Since 2006, there have been many cases of smuggling of humans from Africa through East Sudan going into Israel, which originally began as a voluntary movement and then progressed into kidnappings in 2010. Some actions that have been taken place by the UNHCR is resettlement to protect these victims. It is interesting to note that local integration was not a realistic option for this case because the UNHCR had considered that there were not any â€Å"adequate services for treating severely traumatized victims of trafficking†. The victims were given priority for the registration for refugee status and often resulted in the implementation of resettlement to another country (UNHCR, 2018).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Germany has had a program with the solution of resettlement since the year of 2012 and before was only ad-hoc for resettlement. In the year of 2016, the admission target was 800 but increased to a maximum of 14,300 the following year. Germany has had an annual amount 300 persons that participated in the resettlement program from 2012 to 2014. There was a slight increase to a total of 500 in 2015. And Germany has plans to resettle a total of 1,600 in the following two years. Refugees arrive in German after going through the application process for resettlement from the UNHCR, who then â€Å"grants mandate refugee status† (UNHCR, 2018) and this appears to be the only way for admittance of resettlement for now. Effectiveness of the Solutions Discussing the effectiveness of the solutions that UNHCR has for refugees and its implementation in aiding refugees, it has helped few but truthfully not have had a lot of success. The solutions appear to work for a short period of time and is not effective for long periods of time. Data show that out of the refugees that UNHCR is accounted for, approximately 5.6 million, there are only 3% that participated in voluntary repatriation and 1% that are resettled (UNHCR, 2018). In the past, voluntary reparation has â€Å"been the solution for the largest proportion of refugees†, but the number of participants in this solution has dramatically declined since the year of 2011 because of problems of conflicts in the home country not ceasing. . Some statistics to illustrate this are that the number of participants decreased to 526,000 in the year of 2012 and to 414,000 a year later. As a result, only â€Å"6.5 million refugees were able to return to their country of origin in the past decade† in comparison to the number of 14.6 million in the decade before. Even UNHCR are discussing about how this solution has not been extremely effective as of late. Resettlement has only been able to have helped about 1% of the refugees and requires a lot of resources to implement. There have frequently been low numbers of participants in this solution, reaching only about 69,252 refugees in 2012 and 71,411 in 2013 (UNHCR, 2018). There are additional problems as because resettlement requires so much resources that they have limited availability and are only able to accommodate a restricted amount, which further limits its impact. Furthermore, UNHCR estimates â€Å"that 691,000 people† needed resettlement in the following year of 2014. The host country with the most acceptance of resettlement cases is the United States, about 67% of the toal cases, even so, there are not many host country participants in this solution. Some staff members of UNHCR reasons that a general consensus is that resettlement is not the best solution because there were a small number of refugees that are aided and the process details so much rigor. Compared to the other solutions, it is the most difficult to measure the success of local integration because there are so many differing ways to define integration and there are also a lot of â€Å"high political sensitivity in host countries†. This solution involves a selection of categories such as â€Å"legal, economic and/or social integration† (UNHCR, 2018). UNHCR has been working on ways to improve this solution for refugees and has worked for â€Å"better naturalization statistics†. Overall, approximately 431 host countries of asylum have â€Å"granted citizenship† to approximately 716,000 refugees†. An important part of local integration is detailed in the 1951 Convention relation to the Status of Refugees and this includes that the refugees have â€Å"the right to work† but results of this have proven to be not quite implemented, as 28 States a part of the convention have placed restrictions for refugees regarding the right. In addit ion, it was difficult for some refugees to obtain job opportunities as some states have made restrictions on this with â€Å"a legal bar on employment†. Generally, the three solutions detailed have not been extremely effective as exemplified by statistics in the past years. And this raises the question of possible improvements to these solutions or new additional solutions that could be implemented. Finding solutions for refugees is a difficult task and working out its implementation is even more so and has been proven a challenge for UNHCR and it host country participants. Addition of Complementary Pathways   In addition to these solutions, a question arises about any possible additional solutions that could also be implemented. Furthermore, there are â€Å"complementary pathways† that can be used in conjunction with the solutions (UNHCR, 2018). These pathways can be used to further help refugees reach the solutions that meet their â€Å"international protection needs†. Some examples of complementary pathways are family reunification, especially for â€Å"extended family members† who do not meet the guidelines of resettlement for a refugee or educational-based programs that require communities and educational institutions to become involved and regulate. Pathways are not limited to a level of scope and can be either â€Å"local, regional or global† and can be used in implementation to help â€Å"a limited number of nationalities, professions and skills or other categories†. Reason for Migration: Conflict in Syria (journal on migration) Numerous amounts of Syrians have been fleeing Syria since 2011 as many conflicts appear as a result of â€Å"the government of Bashar al-Assad† and others. This creates a plethora of displacement that occurs throughout the war-torn country. In 2014, there were approximately 7.6 million Syrians that fell under the category of internally displaced persons, people who have migrated without crossing borders because of conflict and an additional 3.7 million left the country. In the same year, about â€Å"one million Syrians† were able to have their statuses as refugees approved. Even though many Syrians were granted refugee status in their host countries, there were still 117,590 that were a part of the waiting process on being notified about their status decision. The conflict had a huge toll on countries that were nearby, such as â€Å"Jordan, Lebanon and Turkey shouldering the largest burden†. This is especially illustrated in statistics, as Lebanon with a population of 4.8 million, has about a million Syrian refugees residing in the country, a 1/5 of their population. Furthermore, Turkey had the most Syrian refugees at 1.5 million and Jordan was in third with 500,000 refugees. The conflict has caused many problems relating to refugee issues, creating an influx of migrants that are displaced. Refugee Situation in Germany There is a total of 7,594,000 persons in Germany with a migrant background and about 1,099,363 (DESTATIS) are from Turkey and 698,950 are from Syria. Furthermore, almost everywhere in Germany, people are discussing the topic of refugees, especially in the city of Berlin. Often these questions may relate to the physical characteristics of refugees as some are not quite sure what the refugees look like as in some areas, refugees are sometimes separated from other civilians for a period of time, in their designated housing. In the German state, there have been about one million refugees that have entered in the year of 2015 only and there was also the â€Å"adoption of integration politics† (Nanette). Germany’s policy on refugees has been somewhat established as a good and essential model for European refugee policy, however, it does have areas in which it needs improvement. In the years of 2015-2016, Germany received the most asylum applications from persons from Syria, with a total of 424,907 applicants (OECD, 2018). The next countries with the highest amounts of applicants for asylum in Germany were Afghanistan with 158,394 applicants and Iraq with 125,900. Syrian applicants received a lot of recognition for obtaining asylum with a total of 98% of the total applicants, while only 56% Afghan received less recognition. This shows how some countries have more priority over others as they gain asylum status throughout Germany, most likely dependent on the direness of their situation. Some more statistics on refugees in Germany include job-seekers, with Syrians being on top of the list with 252,231 persons (OECD, 2018). There are also statistics on the rates in which refugees are employed. Only approximately 28% refugees that had basic or worse German language skills were employed, while 65% with intermediate German were employed, which is the same percentage as those who were fluent. This illustrates the importance of obtaining or learning the German language for refugees in Germany as it increases job opportunities and that is why Germany has been making language programs easily accessible to refugees, which includes online courses as well. Other statistics illustrate how the asylum seekers are distributed throughout Germany and its municipalities as it is dependent on the size of the population. The top three municipalities that receive the most are North Rhine-Westphalia (north-west) with 21.2%, Bavaria (central) with 15.5% and Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg (south-west ) with 12.9%. In years of 2015 until 2016, Germany â€Å"embarked on a ‘Welcome Politics’ of care for refugees† and also â€Å"Integration Politics† supported by Chancellor Merkel as she enforces with her statement of â€Å"Wir schaffen das† or â€Å"we can do it† (Nanette, 2016). And as a result of this, Germany has allowed open borders throughout its country, allowing numerous amounts of refugees to enter and participate in the application for refugee status. This also â€Å"fulfills moral duties to refugees† as part of German’s culture of welcome, which basically encompasses a part of the German identity of human morality with the wanting to help, compared to other countries. Even so, as a result of the crisis, it is unknown what the future for the country that has â€Å"tendencies toward both xenophobia and welcome culture† (Holmes, 2016). Furthermore, there are problems with negative connotations and stigmatization that the refugees receive as current civilians are worried that the new refugees would take their jobs or that they are labelled as â€Å"terrorists† because of some recent events that have been occurring in Europe with attacks from migrants. There is also the problem of xenophobia as they are fearful and not super knowledgeable or aware of negative stereotypes. And as a result, there have been â€Å"criticisms of Germany’s refugee policy† and the creation of hostility from others to refugees. These issues that arise are related to â€Å"serious applied ethics† and created discussions on limitations of responsibilities with questions of â€Å"Where does my responsibility end?† (Nanette, 2016). There have been more problems as Nanette adds Konrad Ott’s, a German philosopher, words of criticizing â€Å"defenders of Merkel’s refugee policy† and referring them to as deontologists, as he questions the realistic sense of wanting to help â€Å"refugees purely as an end to itself†, which is â€Å"an ethics of conviction†, not having regard for possible consequences that could arise for others in the process. This raises questions about what is Germany’s duty on how many refugees they should except and is that number within their threshold? This has been a large debate among many Germans as there is no clear definition of German’s responsibility, which has caused a lot of problems for the country. Continuing on with criticisms, retrieved from various German authors, some Germans are afraid of the possibility of â€Å"Muslims threaten[ing] German cultural identity† (Nanette, 2016). As a result, this had fed into the further xen ophobic ideas as â€Å"wearing the burka† has come to represent danger in the country, even though there are few women in the country that actually do wear them. In this context, cultural change has not really been viewed in a positive context as enrichment, but always in a negative context as a threat. There are additional criticisms towards other things that allowing an influx of refugees to arrive â€Å"provided†, such as â€Å"threats to safety and social peace† which creates negative stigmatizations towards the refugees as some Germans are hostile and violent in regards to them because of their arrival (Nanette, 2016). Another problem relates to the â€Å"costs of refugee programs and its consequences†, it takes a lot of resources to aid refugees, as citizens that are poorer in terms of economic status could be negatively affected as there are â€Å"increased taxes, a higher retirement age and reduced state benefits† as Germany needs to accommodate more people. This raises the question of how much could Germany’s own citizens be negatively affected in order to fulfill the moral duties of the countries and its individuals of helping those in need such as refugees. This further raises the issue of sense of moral obligation and capabilities. Voice from the German Public A county in Germany named Passau has been â€Å"accepting more refugees than whole countries in Eastern Europe† (Feichtinger, 2016). And in this article titled Refugees in Germany by Hans Feichtinger, he details his opinion on the refugee situation in his home country. He states that he is â€Å"proud of the charity and hospitability† that he observes from Germans but because the number of refugees has increased dramatically in the past year, there needs to be a limitation established as there are many challenges that come with allowing refugees to arrive, especially with such a large amount. Some examples of challenges that are mentioned are the difficulties of finding â€Å"suitable living quarters†, â€Å"accepting refugee children in schools† and adds that the recent attacks in Europe, such as Hannover were from refugees that entered Europe. He continues to voice his opinion and states that there are reasons why Germany has been so â€Å"generous† in allowing numerous amounts of refugees to enter the country, which are because it aligns with the philanthropy of Germans and the chancellor and also provides economic benefits, as â€Å"economic leaders have acknowledged that the Federal Republic needs immigration to maintain its economic prosperity†. And continues to address the issue by stating that it is â€Å"slightly unfair† to â€Å"accuse refugees of wanting to immigrate to this prosperity and security† as it depends on immigration in Germany. Even so, the refugee situation in Germany has been shown to â€Å"become the ultimate ‘wedge’ issue of German politics† as problems arise and become obvious (Dorstal, 2017). As mentioned previously, it is difficult to define some terms such as â€Å"refugee† and â€Å"migrant† as various interpretations can be made for each term. To obtain the refugee status, it was suggested that the persons need to be â€Å"facing individual persecution† relating to their â€Å"race, religion, nationality or political beliefs†. And those who do not fall under this category may have the opportunity to gain â€Å"temporary protective status† until the conflict ends. However, there are problems as the protective status is stated to not guarantee â€Å"permanent residency in Germany†. There are also expectations set in place for migrants that arrive in Germany as they should be able to â€Å"integrate into Germany society† and the eco nomy that would â€Å"benefit both sides†. There continues to be a problem in Germany, as shown on social media and television, with defining the boundaries for the terms as they have been used â€Å"without any clear distinction by politicians†, which further adds to the confusion for German individuals as observers as some political figures cannot distinguish them properly either. Conclusion In conclusion, it is important to note that there have been the recent resurface of refugee problems as there was recently a large increase of migrants as a result of conflicts such as the ones in Syria. This has caused a lot of problems as responsibilities are not evenly dispersed, with able countries not willing to help and partake in a share of the responsibilities. There are also implications with limitations of aiding refugees as there could be negative benefits that affect the host country’s current civilians in the process of helping the refugees. It is important to use statistical sources to help illustrate the large picture of the numerous amounts of refugees in the refugee crisis, easier to see in images. 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