Free King’s High Justice Informative Essay

Free King’s High Justice Informative Essay King’s High Justice Frollo, the Kings High Justice asserts that he is willing to defend France from heresy that can be spread by potential integration of Gypsy and other foreigners into Paris. The civility of the High Justice is in question in regard to prejudice against various groups of people; thus, the High Justice represents the force of oppression whereby Frollo intimidates people by asserting to reach a judgment to hang any critic of the old order. The High Justice is pleased to thwart physical processes of cooperation by creating divisions aimed at protecting Paris while discriminating against foreigners. Racial and ethnic hatred is used to justify oppression because of ignorance, limited capability to activate collective consciousness. Frollo the High Justice represents the unfair justice within Paris in regard to giving people to the freedom of though. Frollo is determined to preserving the old system by using discriminative measures whereby he is willing to hang anyone who disobeys order; he means elimination or xenophobia based on perceived prejudice. Frollo demonstrates more authorized habit when he protests before the King identifying that if he allowed freedom of Gypsies to develop, Paris civilization would weaken because foreigners lacked probable cultural values to survive in the city. Therefore, Frollo manipulates the administration of the High Justice agency to attack and destroy specific perceived foreigners; I for my part will protect France from these printed books as I will protect her from witches, sorcerers and Gypsies, the foreign race that is overrunning all of Europe( The hunchback of Notre dame 1). Ethnic and racial discrimination themes play turns in the movie when the Guard is lashing a carava n member believed to be Gypsies and foreigners. The High Justices mandate is expressed through the hand and mind of the Guard who forces Gypsies and other foreigners to understand the new law requiring foreigners to obtain a permit. Only Frenchmen are allowed to enter into Paris while the supporters of foreigners must undergo a rigorous permit issuance exercise. The Guard complains about the presence of foreigners in Paris; however, the Gypsy Man who stereotypes the new hope insists that the Frenchmen had no right to restrict the arriving foreigners Foreigners! You came yesterday, we come today (The hunchback of Notre dame 1). The Gypsy Man finds the High Justices rationale for cruelty quite amusing that he shrugs off the Guards attempt to halt the caravan. Localized discrimination is symbolized by the hunchback; when a girl runs into the hunchback, she runs crying directly into the grandmother who immediately informs her to go home and lit a candle to eliminate the intent of meeting the social superstitious person. Fear of superstitious created taboos and practices that created more fear among the people disarming the adventurous human spirit. For instance if the hunchback crosses the path of anyone in Paris by accident, there was a possibility of suffering from emotional setbacks due to the anxiety created by the social stereotypical hatred against the hunchback. The hunchback is defined as a strong, bow-legged yet horrible like the Cyclops (Eliot 57). The King is tolerant and aware of the social transformation process that lauds the success of the free thought and reprimands Frollo, the High Justice for his biased opinion about new freedom of thought. The King admits that the world is round after citing Christopher Columbuss experience in the sea, while those opposing the King like the 1st Courtier remain dogmatically influenced by the old control knowledge that conform to the idea that the world is flat. Oppression is based on limiting capacity and understanding that ultimately creates unrest and violence out of confusion. Antagonism between religion and science believes are tested when interpreting the right shape of the world whereby the flat theory is compared to the science stance that the earth is spherical. The evidence is reflected on questioning the progress of the new thought whereby every man in France would become literate and even. When Frollo rejects to cover for Esmeralda just because she is of foreign race, the Kin g scolds Frollo. Ironically, when the King asks Frollo if the gypsy woman made his pulse beat faster; the warning foreshadowed Frollos action of forcing Esmeralda to love him and when Esmeralda refused Frollo labeled her a witch. Quasimodo who first fell in love with the Esmeralda throws Frollo down the cathedral out of jealousy and in order to save Esmeralda from the gallows. Esmeralda represents the downtrodden foreigners in Paris Though they sometimes have a feeling, wrong choices in life because of ignorance determines the foreigners fate. For instance, Esmeralda believed to be safe with the soldier who takes orders from another authority (Eliot 43). Therefore, the execution of Esmeralda coincides with the elimination of the old thought influenced by ignorance about individual situations particularly concerning perceptions of beauty and frightful. The Archbishop is equally receptive in understanding the true social justice though quite dogmatic about the effects of oppression. At the Sanctuary, the Archbishop informs Esmeralda that her condition as a Gypsy should not disappoint her from achieving her objectives since everything is willed by the generosity of one giver. On the contrary, Frollo confronts Esmeralda as the Cathedral when praying making fun of her as a heathen not fit to pray in the cathedral (Eliot 14). Frollos discriminative approach is based on the notion that the famed dancer was shameless for awakening everymans sinful desires to look at the Gypsy Esmeralda. Gringoire helps Esmeralda escape from Frollos and Quasimodos firm grip. The poet is struggling for recognition and when he finds himself in the court of miracles he is condemned to death by hanging. Oppression is presented again when Gringoire marries Esmeralda only to be disappointed since she is in love with Phoebus. However, Phoebus is stabbed by Frollo who implicates Esmeralda. Frollo is determined to hang Esmeralda for refusing to accept him, but Quasimodo jumps from roof snatching Esmeralda to the cathedral where she is protected while Quasimodo hurled Frollo down from bell tower.

Allelic Drift - Definition

Genetic Drift / Allelic Drift - Definition Definition: Genetic drift is defined as the changing of the number of available alleles in a population by chance events. Also called allelic drift, this phenomenon is usually due to a very small gene pool or population size. Unlike natural selection, it is a random, chance event that causes genetic drift and it depends solely on statistical chance instead of desirable traits being passed down to offspring. Unless the population size increases through more immigration, the number of available alleles gets smaller with every generation. Genetic drift happens by chance and can make an allele disappear completely from a gene pool, even if it was a desirable trait that should have been passed down to offspring. The random sampling style of genetic drift shrinks the gene pool and therefore alters the frequency the alleles are found in the population. Some alleles are completely lost within a generation due to genetic drift. This random change in the gene pool can affect the speed of evolution of a species. Instead of taking several generations to see a change in allele frequency, genetic drift can cause the same affect within a single generation or two. The smaller the population size, the greater the chance of genetic drift occurring. Larger populations tend to function through natural selection much more than genetic drift due to the sheer number of alleles that are available for natural selection to work on as compared to smaller populations. The Hardy-Weinberg equation cannot be used on small populations where genetic drift is the main contributor to diversity of alleles. Bottleneck Effect One specific cause of genetic drift is the bottleneck effect, or population bottleneck. The bottleneck effect occurs when a larger population shrinks significantly in size in a short amount of time. Usually, this decrease in population size is generally due to a random environmental affect like a natural disaster or spread of disease. This rapid loss of alleles makes the gene pool much smaller and some alleles are completely eliminated from the population. Out of necessity, populations that have experienced population bottleneck increase the instances of inbreeding to build the numbers back up to an acceptable level. However, inbreeding does not increase diversity or numbers of possible alleles and instead just increases the numbers of the same types of alleles. Inbreeding can also increase the chances of random mutations within DNA. While this may increase the number of alleles available to be passed down to offspring, many times these mutations express undesirable traits such as disease or reduced mental capacity. Founders Effect Another cause of genetic drift is called founders effect. The root cause of founders effect is also due to an unusually small population. However, instead of a chance environmental effect reducing the numbers of available breeding individuals, the founders effect is seen in populations who have chosen to stay small and do not allow breeding outside of that population. Often, these populations are specific religious sects or offshoots of a particular religion. The mate choice is significantly reduced and is mandated to be someone within the same population. Without immigration or gene flow, the number of alleles is limited to only that population and often the undesirable traits become the most frequently passed down alleles. Â   Examples: An example of founders effect happened in a certain population of Amish people in Pennsylvania. Since two of the founding members were carriers for Ellis van Creveld Syndrome, the disease was seen much more often in that colony of Amish people than the general population of the United States. After several generations of isolation and inbreeding within the Amish colony, the majority of the population became either carriers or suffered from Ellis van Creveld Syndrome.

Postgraduate degree application personal statement Essay

Postgraduate degree application personal statement - Essay Example crisis since I was extremely interested in understanding; how and why the global economy, and Hong Kong in particular could be affected by events in far of places such a wall street or even the Euro Zone. Particularly after the global financial crisis, I immersed myself in an incisive study of any material that might illuminate the subject, be it on the internet or magazines such as, Newsweek and the Wall Street journal. Compounding these with my undergraduate studies, I can consider myself well furnished with background information as well as current affairs in the business world. The new face of business that has been facilitated by globalization also holds considerable interest to me, and I aspire to acquire a better understanding of new and emerging economies as well as the economic blocs being formed such as the Eurozone as well and examining the challenges that they are encountering. I would also like to research and study the changing dynamics of the international economies, especially the future of emerging Asian Economies that are playing a bigger role in the global economy. I also hope to study the effect of this on western economies, bearing in mind that many European nations seem to be undergoing a myriad of near crippling economic problems. I realize that XXXX University has an international reputation and is synonymous with excellence; furthermore, I am aware of diversity in the students and professors. I consider your institution appropriately placed to meet my needs since I am aware of the practical nature of the courses offered, which allow learners hands on experience, profoundly enhancing their skills and abilities. Furthermore, I look forward to being a part of the global campus rotational program, which allows your students to experience their subjects from the perspective of different countries. My application at your university for post graduate course is in line with my ambition and long term plan to work in the field of business.

Wampum belt of the Native Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Wampum belt of the Native Americans - Essay Example However, even if the objective of efficient and high quality health care is universal for these countries, all have developed different schemes in medical care services (Arah, et al., 2003). Table 1 compares the system of health care in these four countries in terms of the funding, framework, guidelines and assessment performance. This data will be very important in the comparisons to be dealt with in the succeeding pages. In Canada, the adapted system which started in the late 1950’s, has transformed from a public and territorial hospital insurance structure to a comprehensive, compulsory system as we know today (Lemieux, 1989). This system ensures that taxes benefit taxpayers through a universal medical program and that no one is denied of medical care. Since the medical control is run by the government and funded by the taxpayers, it is but necessary that more safeguards be put in place as claims of a rusting system develops (Arnett, 1996; Cihak, 2004; Hsieh, 2007). A Right to Health Care. Goodman discusses that Canadians lose the right to health care in a universal system basically because the number of patients increase tremendously in this kind of scheme. As a result, there are very few people that get treatment and services are delayed because of waitlists and queues. He also further indicated that based on the Frasier Institute, ten times more patients in Canada are waitlisted compared to that in New Zealand. Apparently, the population in Canada is around nine times more than New Zealand’s populace, in addition to several other factors which should have been considered such as number of hospitals and the nature of health care needed and the quality of services received. Leonard Peikoff (2006) expresses the American viewpoint of this myth. In his speech entitled â€Å"Health Care is Not a Right†, he articulates that the right of one man should never impose responsibility to another

Australian development in accordance to Indigenous Rights Essay Example for Free

Australian development in accordance to Indigenous Rights Essay In most practical ways, Australia is an egalitarian society. This does not mean that everyone is the same or that everybody has equal wealth or property, just that we accept all. As a country, Australia aims for the equality of all citizens; Indigenous, European and other, however these were not always the intentions of White Settlement, on the land we call home. European settlement had a severe and devastating impact on Indigenous people. Indigenous people called Australia home many hundreds of thousands of years before White Settlement came. Sadly, including the fact that the Europeans were intruding and taking over land that was not their own, the Indigenous Australians still fell victims of the invasion and sadly became slaves on their own soil. Not only did the European Australians discriminate against the Indigenous Australians; they murdered them too. In the 1800s two years after the British flag was raised in Van Diemans Land, settlers were authorised to shoot Indigenous Australians. The displacement of Aboriginal peoples from their land resulted in a drastic decline in their population. While many Aboriginal people were killed in violent clashes over the rights to settle on the land, a vast number also died from malnourishment. But the European settlers did not stop there. From about 1910 until at least 1970, the intention of governments and Aboriginal welfare officials was to assimilate them into white society and, by controlling who they associated with and married, to eventually ‘breed out the colour’ and thus rid Australia of its Indigenous people. One of the ways they tried to achieve this was through The Stolen Generation. Children were removed to separate them permanently from the rest of their race and around 100,00 children were taken from their families. Ronald Wilson and Mick Dodson, the commission’s chairman and social justice commissioner, declared: Nationally we can conclude with confidence that between one in three and one in ten Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities in the period from approximately 1910 until 1970. Up until a certain point in history, Australians didnt even believe that the Stolen Generation occurred and continued to ignore the rights of Indigenous Australians. However, Australia has in fact realized that these events against the Indigenous people of our land were wrong, and should never be repeated, and since then action has taken place. In 1997, the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission made the most notorious accusation ever directed by a government body against Australia. It accused this country of committing genocide against the Aborigines by stealing their children. Australia has tried to make progress since acknowledging these wrongs. The Commonwealth Electoral Act 1962 entitled all Indigenous Australians to enrol and vote in Commonwealth elections. The 1967 Referendum allowed the Aboriginals to become part of the Commonwealth and removed part of the Parliament statement that discriminated against the Indigenous, allowing them to not make special rules. As a result the Indigenous Australians now have more equality in terms of the laws within Australia and the Constitution. The Redfern Address in December 1992 by Prime Minister Paul Keating was another step forward for Australia and Indigenous Rights. Keating truly connected with Indigenous Australians, making a speech to the Indigenous community of Redfern, NSW, openly and boldly admitting that Australia was to blame for the suffering of Indigenous Australians. He acknowledged on behalf of the country, the responsibility for the injustices done to Australias indigenous peoples. Additionally, February the 14th 2008 saw an incredible event in history for the development of Australia as a country, in accordance to Aboriginal rights, as well as being a huge importance to the Indigenous people. In Parliament, Prime Minister Kevin Rudd officially offered a broad apology to all Aborigines and the Stolen Generations for their profound grief, suffering and loss. He said there came a time in history when people had to reconcile the past with their future, and that as a country we apologize. Since recognizing the wrongs of our country, Australia has developed in accordance to Indigenous Rights. Indigenous Australians hold the status of original peoples of this land. By the Australian Government, laws now state that Indigenous Australians have the rights to: A distinct status and culture, which helps maintain and strengthen the identity and spiritual and cultural practices of Indigenous communities, The right to self-determination, which is a process where Indigenous communities take control of their future and decide how they will address the issues facing them, and The right to land, which provides the spiritual and cultural basis of Indigenous communities. Although it is evident that Australia has moved forward as a country in terms of accepting and recognizing the rights of Indigenous Australians, we do have room to move even more forward. Australia still has room for improvement and further development- we are not fully satisfied and have not yet fully achieved development when it comes to Indigenous Australians. From the time they first arrived in Australia, the white settlers had attempted to civilise the Aboriginal people. The impact of the white settlers changed their lives, and the lives of future generations, forever. The drastic effects we had on Indigenous Australians are still there. And even though Australia now accepts Indigenous people as equal citizens, they still appear to be underdeveloped. The intervention was wrong in the first place, because there was no negotiation and understanding towards the Indigenous culture. However it is too late now to walk away, attempting to create peace when harm has been done. Australia should assist in areas of Indigenous welfare, education and health, and should also continue educate white Australians to maintain a deep respect towards the Aboriginal culture, the original owners of our land.

Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy

Compulsory and Voluntary Voting Policies in Democracy The right to a free and fair vote is a staple in the democratic process. However, there is debate over whether or not this process is best implemented when the population has the choice to engage in the political system or whether or not it should be mandated.[1] Many people claim that the best system to follow is the one that they are a part of, however in countries where different voting policies are implemented; there is empirical data that can be used to determine whether compulsory voting or voluntary voting produces better results and whether it tends to enhance the quality of democracy. Yet many people will still argue that just analyzing empirical data is not enough to determine whether or not compulsory voting more democratic due to intrinsic reasons. Both of these approaches make it difficult to discern whether or not compulsory voting is more democratically favourable however upon analysis of the two different voting systems, I have found that the arguments that oppose com pulsory voting are not substantive enough to discredit the evidence as to why it does improve upon the essence of democracy. That is why in this essay I argue that compulsory voting does enhance the quality of democracy. What does it mean to enhance the quality of democracy and what is the importance of determining how to advance it? Democracy, at its most basic definition, means the rule by the people. When analyzing the quality of democracy of a state, what is being analyzed is how well the citizens of that state (the people) are represented in the policies that are passed. If the democratic representatives of the government pass laws that a majority of the people in the state do not want, then the quality of democracy is poor. It is not the people that are ruling in this case, but rather the elite few. The issue of compulsory versus voluntary voting is a very relevant issue in todays day and age because a lot of people are disenfranchised by politics. People lose faith in their political system because they feel like they are not being represented. This in turn leads to a less politically active society which is not concerned by the issues that affect them and then often times their lives are made worse due to their lack of input in the policies that are passed. This circular downwards spiral further alienates people and future voters, demonstrating the need for maximizing representation in democratic political systems. The quality of the system cannot be improved until the people are represented to the nations fullest potential. When analyzing which voting system would be the best to implement in order to enhance democracy, it is important to evaluate societies where these different voting styles are implemented. The American voting system is an ideal case study when considering the effects of voluntary voting. The United States and its citizens pride themselves on being a shining example of freedom and democracy. To many people across the world, it has become synonymous with the idea of a perfect democratic system which all other nations strive to achieve. However statistically, the vast majority of citizens in the United States are very poorly represented by their democratic government[2]. For example, a study done by Princeton and Northwestern Universities found that on economic policies, the policy preferences of the average citizen only get implemented less than 20% of the time while the policies preferred by business interests and economic elites are implemented the vast majority of the time, demonstra ting how the median citizen or median voter at the heart of theories of Majoritarian Electoral Democracy does not do well when put up against economic elites and organized interest groups[3]. This in turn leads to the main flaw with the voluntary voting system. People refuse to be involved in the democratic process because they lose faith in their representatives. This in turn leads to worse social and economic situations for the majority of citizens in the state. The United States is a prime example of this. The United States has a relatively low election turnout rate, ranking 22nd in the modern world.[4] The United States is also has the highest total global personal wealth yet 80.56% of that wealth resides among the top few.[5] In fact, more than three quarters of all Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck.[6] With a voluntary voting system, the American government tends to leave the people behind in favour big money interests. A defining argument in favour of compulsory votin g is that compulsory voting will alleviate the socio-economic inequalities in a society because if everyone voices which policies they want to see implemented into their law, then the politicians will be severely pressured into pushing for those policies if they wish to stay elected, and hence policies that benefit the majority of the people will be implemented.[7] Americans and others who believe in that voluntary voting is more beneficial than compulsory voting will refute this claim by stating that if you force non-politically active citizens to vote, you cannot infer that they will vote in their own interests because they would not have a good understanding on who to vote for to implement their ideas.[8] They claim that people who would stay home and not vote in a voluntary system would just vote arbitrarily in a compulsory system. The flaw with this objection is that it assumes that everyone who doesnt vote does so because they have absolutely zero interest in voting. There are many reasons that people do not vote in a voluntary system other than being apolitical. For example, voting could be a large enough inconvenience for so poorer people so they decide to stay home.[9] People also choose not to vote even though they have policy opinions because they believe their vote is just one in a million so it doesnt make a difference and furthermore could just lack the motivation to express vote.[10] If all these people were pressured to vote, the elected representatives would better represent the views of the overall population and democracy would be enhanced. Australias voting system is the antithesis of Americas. If you are over 18, it is your legal duty to register to vote and to go the polls. Failure to do this will result in a fine and a potential day in court.[11] This form of pressure is meant to increase the participation levels in elections and better represent the will of the public. Multiple studies have been done checking if this theory translates to real world policy and they all come to the same conclusion: [Compulsory voting] can increase the salience of elections and make voting more rational and meaningful and it can enhance and protect such values as representativeness, legitimacy and political equality. It also has the potential to break the counterproductive cycle of low efficacy, alienation, non-participation and state neglect that has led to an increasingly moribund political culture.[12] The studies found that compulsory voting remedied one of the biggest problems with voluntary voting which is the Socio-economic status voting gap.[13] When observing the history of Australias voting population before the compulsory voting law was passed, it was revealed that turnout disproportionally represented those in higher socio-economic status while many people who were in a lower economic status abstained from voting for a various amount of reasons.[14] Many people who argue in favour of voluntary voting disagree with the idea that the socio-economic status voting gap should be addressed by compulsory voting because they claim that if peoples lives were already very burdensome so much so that they didnt vote when they had the opportunity because it was so inconvenient, then there shouldnt be a law that inconveniences them further by forcing them to vote.[15] The problem with this argument is that it misses the fact that peoples lives became less burdensome because of them bein g represented in their system[16], and so compulsory voting was for their own good, and hence the quality of democracy improved. When evaluating whether or not compulsory voting enhances democracy, people who  support voluntary voting say that simply analyzing statistics is not enough. They claim that a reflection must be done on whether compulsory voting is right by the fundamental nature of democracy. One of the aspects in measuring the legitimacy of democracy is checking if there is A free and independent citizenry[17]. This means that the public has absolute freedom of speech and a right to protest, demonstrate, and preach with dissent from the government. The argument then comes up that abstention from voting is a form of expression, and therefore any attempt to remove this democratic right would be dictatorial and would actually be diminishing democracy, not enhancing it.[18] However, this claim is refuted by the idea of the social contract. The social contract is the pillar upon which authority is given legitimacy in a democratic state. By choosing to live in a democratic system, the collective is obl igated to contribute to certain areas of society. As with paying taxes and jury duty, compulsory voting is just another duty that the citizens of a state are obligated to comply with under the social contract. Since the social contract is the strongest case made for accepting authority in a democracy, then having compulsory voting as a citizen duty would not tarnish the quality of a democracy because it would seen as legitimate. In countries like Australia where compulsory voting has become the status-quo, it is not thought of as dictatorial or tyrannical in anyway.[19] It has become a culturally accepted norm. However, countries where this idea is viewed as taboo would view this as an attack on freedom. A case study by Lisa Hill on Americas low voter turnout found that the idea of being compelled to vote is anathema to many Americans and it would undoubtedly meet with vigorous resistance on a number of fronts.[20] Unless there is a cultural shift that would allow the assimilation o f these kinds of new ideas, compelling people to vote could possibly weaken the quality of democracy in countries like America because their citizenry would have a difficult time integrating it into their established system. However, there are ways to remedy these rejections of policy. Hill explains that methods that have been approached to improve public acceptance of compulsory voting were to clarify existing requirements, give the people optional preferential voting, and to expand the voters option for political expressions. The objections to implementing compulsory voting are rooted in status-quo biases and are under the assumption that it is not possible to change the cultural views of citizens on policies which have not been adapted yet. These objections falls flat due to these policies being implemented into other countries successfully through smart execution plans and therefore it has increased the quality of democracy, not decreased it. Compulsory voting enhances the quality of democracy because it provides a better representation the needs of all the people in society. When analyzing a country without compulsory voting such as America, it is found that the views of the people are not what is represented by the policies that end up being passed because a large majority of the people who tend to be lower class do not engage in their political system. However, in a country that does have compulsory voting such as Australia, the socio-economic status voting gap is greatly diminished and the policies that end up being passed are more representative of what the people want. Many common objections to compulsory voting are that it is burdensome and it decreases freedom. These objections do not hold up because in countries where it is implemented, the system ends up benefitting more people and becomes culturally accepted to the point where it does not become an issue. Therefore, compulsory voting does end up producing bette r results and improves the quality of democracy. Bibliography Beck, Katie. Australia election: Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013. DeSilver, Drew. U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016. Gilens, Martin, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014): 564-581. Heywood, Andrew. Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014. Sathel, Trevor. Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook. London: Routledge. 1999. Hill, Lisa. Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004): 479-497, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals Hill, Lisa. Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2): 207-232, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868 Hill, Lisa. Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting: Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 46:4 (2010): 425-438http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089 Johnson, Angela . 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013. Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 564-581. Sherman, Erik. America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015. [1] Trevor Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook (London: Routledge, 1999), 75. [2] Martin Gilens, and Benjamin I. Page. Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics 12, no. 3 (2014), 570-577. [3] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.572-573. [4] Drew DeSilver, U.S. voter turnout trails most developed countries. Pew Research Center, August 02, 2016. [5] Erik Sherman, America is the richest, and most unequal, nation. Fortune, September 30, 2015. [6] Angela Johnson, 76% of Americans are living paycheck-to-paycheck. CNNMoney, June 24, 2013. [7] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [8] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.566. [9] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [10] Gilens and Page, Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens.565. [11] Katie Beck, Australia election: Why is voting compulsory? BBC News, August 27, 2013. [12] Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States Journal of Theoretical Politics 18(2): 228. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0951629806061868 [13] Lisa Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. Federal Law Review 32 (2004): 480, http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/fedlr32div=30g_sent=1collection=journals [14] Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 480. [15] Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook, 75. [16] Hill, Compulsory Voting in Australia: A Basis for a Best Practice Regime. 497. [17] Andrew Heywood, Politics (Palgrave Macmillan, 2014), 86. [18] Sathel, Pros and Cons: A Debaters Handbook, 75. [19] Lisa Hill, Public Acceptance of Compulsory Voting: Explaining the Australian Case. Representation 46:4 (2010), 429, http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00344893.2010.518089 [20] Lisa Hill, Low Voter Turnout in the United States, 228.

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) or ‘rodent ulcer’ is a malignant tumor of the skin that develops from the basal cell layer of the epidermis and also from the hair follicles. It is a slow-growing tumor that usually develops in sun-affected skin. The tumor does not tend to metastases to other parts of the body but may invade surrounding tissues (Halachmi, 2006). Basal cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer that does not develop from the cells that produce melanin (non-melanocytic type of tumors).It is the most common form of skin cancer and includes 75 % of all skin cancers (Halachmi, 2006). The condition frequently develops in individuals exposed to high amounts of radiation and sunlight (Halachmi, 2006). In the US, Basal cell carcinoma is the most common form of skin cancer. The incidences is higher in Australia, than in the UK and US. However, BCC does not seem to be a life-threatening condition. The incidence of Basal cell carcinoma is rising by about 10 % every year, thro ughout the World. The lifetime risk of developing BCC is about 30 % in Whites (Wong, 2003).There are several types of BCC including nodular, superficial types, sclerosing type, pigmented type and the multiple-superficial type. The superficial type is usually present on the face and is seen as a growth of tissues having rolled out margins. Sometimes, the contents of the tumor may be cystic. The lesion may also appear pigmented. Frequently, nodular lesions may ulcerate or bleed when minimal trauma is applied over them. The sclerosing type usually appears as a thickened scar following surgery. BCC usually develops in the age group of 40 years and above.Individuals who are frequently exposed to excessive sunlight or ultraviolet rays, those develop sunburns, or who have developed sunburns during childhood, or those who have developed skin cancers (such as BCC, squamous cell carcinoma and melanoma) are at a higher risk of developing BCC (NDZL, 2007). Sometimes BCC may develop in families. In certain conditions such as Gorlin's syndrome, albinism, basal cell nevus syndrome and Barex syndrome, which runs in families, the risk of developing BCC is higher (NDZL, 2007).Light-skinned individuals and those having blond or red-colored hair, blue or green eyes are at greater chances of developing this condition. Frequently, over-exposure to x-rays, ultraviolet and other forms of radiation may worsen the risk of developing BCC. The incidence of BCC in younger individuals is on the rise (as they may like to undergo sun tanning and spend a lot of time outdoors). Individuals who are on immunosuppressant therapy are also at a higher risk of developing BCC (Wong, 2003). BCC usually begins as a painless growth on the outer layer of relatively normal looking skin.The tumor tends to grow and spread very slowly, and may vary in size from a two to three millimeters in the early stages to a few centimeters in the later stages. Sometimes, the lesion may ulcerate and the wound does not he al with usual amount of time. The lesion may bleed easily as the blood vessels may be involved with the tumor. The nerves may also be involved with the cancer. The affected portion of the skin may appear different. Sometimes, pigmented forms of BCC may develop such as pearly or waxy bumps or swellings (usually appears in this form), white or pink lesions, brown or flesh-colored lesions.The lesion may also be felt as a bump or a small swelling. The regional lymph nodes are usually not involved during the early stages of the disease and the tumor does not spread to other parts of the body, in the initial stages. Frequently, the lesion exhibits oozing or crusting on the surface. Sometimes, the lesion may develop from a scar left back following surgery. The lesion may also develop as a small depressed spot on the surface of the skin. The tumor can develop on several parts of the body such as the head, neck, scalp, ears, chest, face, nose, eyes, hands, legs, back, genitals, etc.It is mor e frequent in the portions of the body exposed to sunlight. The diagnosis of BCC is made based on the history, symptoms, signs, detailed physical examination, laboratory tests (to determine the spread of cancerous cells in the blood) and biopsy. The physician will take a detailed history to determine if the individual has had a previous history of certain skin disorders and also to study the family risk patterns. A detailed examination of the lesion is performed, and the physician will study its size, shape, color, consistency, the regional lymph nodes and spread to the surrounding structures of the body (Halachmi, 2006).The diagnosis is usually confirmed by taking a sample of the tissue for biopsy. The biopsy demonstrates the development of the tumor from the basal cell layer of the epidermis. Cancerous features are present in the sample (Halachmi, 2006). The treatment of BCC various depending on the size of the lesion, general condition of the patient, spread to other parts of the body, part of the body involved with the cancer, involvement of neighboring tissues and lymph nodes, etc. Small superficial lesions are treated by shaving off or scraping the tumor, along with curettage and cauterization (using electric current) (NDZL, 2003).Cauterization helps to destroy the residual cancerous cells that may be present in the surrounding tissues. A suture may be applied to ensure that the lesion heals without any problems. Larger basal cell carcinoma lesions are treated by removing the diseased tissue (excision), along with a margin of the normal tissues and suturing the skin (NDZL, 2003). A graft may be required in certain situations, to ensure the lesion heals properly. In certain types of BCC, an immune-modifying agent Immiquimod can be utilized to encourage the immune system to destroy the cancerous cells.Photosensitizing agents such as Metvix can be utilized to treat the superficial forms of BCC (photodynamic therapy). Once this medication is applied over the lesion, the oxygen and light tend to bring about a chemical reaction that destroy the cancerous cells. This treatment may usually require for the sclerosing type of BCC. Cryotherapy (treatment using cold substances such as liquid nitrogen) is also effective in destroying the cancerous cells. Some tumors that do not spread to other parts of the body and to the lymph nodes can be treated with radiotherapy (in which high-energy waves are utilized to destroy the cancerous cells).It may be required especially in elders who tend to develop lesions on their face. The cure rate following radiotherapy is about 90 % (Wong, 2003). Laser therapy can also be utilized to treat the tumor. Individuals with recurrent and invasive forms of the disease may require Moh’s microscopically controlled excision. It is especially recommended if the borders of the tumor are ill-defined and cannot be determined. Microscopic examinations of the excised lesions are usually conducted whilst the patient is being operated. The tumor is removed until a margin of normal tissue is obtained.Many surgeons have gone on to remove larger than usual amounts of the tissues as the unfelt extensions of the lesion are not identified (NDZL, 2003). The success rate is usually good following Moh’s procedure. It can also be utilized to treat recurrences of BCC (NCI, 2007). The outcome of BCC is usually good, and depends on several factors such as size and spread of the tumor to the neighboring tissues, lymph nodes and distant parts of the body, and the promptness in detecting the cancer and initiating treatment. Very rarely, the tumor results in fatal outcome (Wong, 2003).Usually, the chances of recurrences are less than one percent (Halachmi, 2006). Individuals undergoing Moh’s procedure may have a higher recurrence rate (it is about 10 %) as the tumor may have spread to surrounding structures (due to delay in treatment) (Halachmi, 2006). Individuals who have been treated for BCC should be regularly be monitored. BCC can be prevented to some extent by lowering exposure to ultraviolet rays present in the sunlight. The skin should be protected with adequate clothing and UV-protective eyewear, especially during the midday and in summer months.A sunscreen that protects from UV A rays and UV B rays should be utilized. The skin should be examined regularly to determine any change in color, texture or appearance. References: American Academy of Dermatology (2006). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from AAD Website: http://www. aad. org/public/Publications/pamphlets/BasalCellCarcinoma. htm Halachmi, S. (2006). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from Medline Plus Website: http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000824.htm National Cancer Institute (2006). Basal Cell Carcinoma of the Skin. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from NCI Website: http://www. cancer. gov/cancertopics/pdq/treatment/skin/HealthProfessional/page5 New Zealand Dem atoligcal Society (2007). Basal Cell Carcinoma. Retrieved on April 16, 2006, from Derm Net NZ Website: http://dermnetnz. org/lesions/basal-cell-carcinoma. html Wong, C. S. M. , Strange, R. C. and Lear, J. T. (2003). â€Å"Basal Cell Carcinoma. † BMJ, 327, 794-798. http://www. bmj. com/cgi/content/full/327/7418/794

Case study of yellow auto company Essay

Kelly and two other westerners working in Japan on the JET program had a dispute with their Japanese supervisor over sick leave. This report aims to analyze the decisions and issues in the case study from a personality and values perspective. The key decisions identified are in relation to recruitment, contract and training. The JET program did not require the ALT candidates to have any knowledge of Japanese. The salaries received by the JET participants were  considered unfair by their Japanese colleagues. The contract received by the JET participants were ambiguous and imprecise. In addition, the Japanese employees in the host institution expected the foreigners to work like the Japanese rather than following the terms of their contract. The program provided pre-departure training for JET participants, but did not provide the same level of training for Japanese employees on how to work with foreigners. Based on Hofstede’s Framework, it is found that the weaknesses of the decisions were mainly due to the differences in values of Japanese and western cultures. Japan is a society with high power distance, extremely high uncertainty avoidance, strong collectivism, strong masculinity and a long-term vision, whereas western societies have almost the opposite values. The seniority-based salary system, lifetime employment, the expectation to conform to social norms, dedication to work, loyalty to the employers and a male-dominated workplace are all features of the Japanese management system that the JET participants were unaware of. It is recommended that the JET program reassess its recruitment policy to include Japanese as a compulsory requirement for candidates, and adjust the salary package to reflect the seniority-based culture. It is also recommended to draft a rigorous contract to avoid any ambiguity. In addition to making the pre-departure training compulsory, Japanese employees should receive the same level of cross-cultural training. Moreover, better Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit may be achieved if applicant’s personalities are taken into account in the recruitment process. ​- 7 – 1. INTRODUCTION Kelly, Mark, Andrea and Suzanne, all in their 20’s, were hired by the JET program to work in Japan. During their placement, there was a bitter dispute between them and Mr. Higashi, the supervisor of the foreign JET participants, over sick leave. This report aims to explore the critical  decisions and issues in this case from a personality and values perspective. Firstly, the critical decisions regarding recruitment, contract and training will be analyzed. Secondly, there will be a discussion of the issues in national culture, values and personality. Finally, recommendations will be provided to facilitate future improvement. 2. CRITICAL DECISIONS 2.1 Key Decision 1 – Recruitment The JET program made the decision of hiring native English speakers to assist in foreign language teaching in Japan. The positions of Coordinator for International Relations (CIR) and Assistant Language Teacher (ALT) both required the candidates to have a university degree and an interest in Japan. CIRs were required to have a functional knowledge of Japanese, but ALTs were not required to do so. The above recruitment decision recognized the importance of native-speakers in foreign language teaching and the educational background of the candidates, however, the lack of Japanese language requirement for ALTs was a fundamental flaw in the recruitment decision. This language barrier caused difficulty in communication between the Japanese employees and JET participants. In addition, Mr. Higashi had to act as an interpreter because he was the only person who could speak English. Kelly, Mark, Andrea and Suzanne were young and inexperienced, yet they were paid the same salary as Japanese supervisors in the host institution. According to Adhikari (2005) and Hofstede (1993), Japan has a unique culture in which employees’ salaries are based on seniority rather than position. It is therefore unsurprising that the Japanese employees, all worked for more than 20 years in their career, felt uncomfortable about the salary of the JET participants. 2.2 Key Decision 2 – Contract All the JET participants in the office had a standard North American contract which set out the working hours, number of vacation days and sick leave they were entitled to. However after Kelly, Mark and Suzanne fell ill, they were  forced to use 2 paid vacation days rather than sick leave, which caused a serious tension between the JETs and Mr. Higashi. The strength of the contract was that it stated a set of rules for the JET participants to follow, but the weakness was that it was not rigorously written. Shaules (2008) argues that western contracts are explicit and detailed, whereas Japanese contracts can be flexible and open to interpretation. This cultural difference is reflected in the contract received by the JET participants. The definitions of â€Å"paid leave†, â€Å"paid holidays† and â€Å"special holidays† were ambiguous and they seemed to be used interchangeably within the contract. Section 1 of Article 11 says that the JET participants are entitled to 20 paid holidays, but Section 3 of Article 12 says that the special holidays (including sick leave) are paid holidays. Depending on the interpretation of â€Å"paid holidays† and â€Å"special holidays†, these two clauses either contradict with each other or repeat themselves. Apart from the wording of the contract, the ability to honour the contract was also problematic. Although the JET participants acted within the terms of their contract, their Japanese colleagues still expected them to stay past 5pm on weekdays and work on Saturdays. The contract said that a doctor’s certificate was only required if the JET participants took three or more consecutive days of sick leave, but Mr. Higashi asked Kelly to bring in the note even though she only took 2 day’s sick leave. 2.3 Key Decision 3 – Training The Conference of Local Authorities for International Relations (CLAIR) provided the JET participants with lots of information about working and living in Japan, and offered pre-departure training sessions about life in Japan and its potential problems. The strength of the above decision was that it recognized the cultural differences of Japan and western countries and the challenges faced by those JET participants working in Japan. The weaknesses of the decision were that  it did not make the pre-departure training sessions compulsory, and it did not offer similar training sessions for Japanese employees on the cultural differences and problems of working with westerners. The consequences of the above weaknesses were that Kelly found herself in unfamiliar and difficult situations because she had no experience or knowledge of the Japanese workplace. Had she attended the training sessions, she would have been better prepared for the difficulties of working in another country. Similarly, due to poor knowledge and understanding, the Japanese colleagues disapproved the lack of commitment of the JET participants, and did not know how to deal with them in an effective and harmonious manner. If the Japanese employees had received training on working with westerners, they would have had a better working relationship with the JET participants. 3. ISSUES 3.1 National Cultures and Values The weaknesses of the key decisions discussed in Section 2 mainly rooted from the differences in national cultures and values. Hofstede’s (1980, 1983, 1991, 1993, 2001) Framework for Assessing Cultures provides a theoretical ground for cross cultural management and research. The framework identified five value dimensions of national culture: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and long/short-term orientation. The GLOBE Framework (House, et al., 2001; House, Javidan and Dorfman, 2002; Javidan, et al., 2005; Robbins and Judge, 2007) further extended Hofstede’s Framework to include assertiveness, in-group collectivism, performance orientation and humane orientation. Because the JET participants in the case study came from Canada, Great Britain and United States, the western cultures and values discussed below will refer to these specific countries. According to Hofstede’s (2001) findings, Japan has a higher power distance than western cultures, although the difference is not significant. However, Japan ranked notably higher in  uncertainty avoidance, collectivism, masculinity and long-term orientation. 3.1.1 Power Distance Japan has a seniority-based promotion and reward management system and a highly hierarchical society in general (Adhikari, 2005; Oishi, et al. 2005; Shaules; 2008). This is mainly influenced by the Confucian values which emphasize hierarchy and harmony. Mr. Higashi acted more like a father than a manager, because in a traditional Confucian family, the father is the head and always at the top of the hierarchy. Unaware of these Japanese values, the JET participants constantly challenged the authority of their supervisors. As a result, the Japanese employees working at the senior level were annoyed that these inexperienced young foreigners were hired to tell them how to do their jobs. Moreover, paying a manager-level salary to these young foreigners were also against the Japanese norm of a seniority-based salary system. 3.1.2 Uncertainty Avoidance Adhikari (2005), Brightman (2005) and Shaules (2008) all agree that Japanese culture expects everyone to conform to social norms and discourages individualism. This confirms the high uncertainty avoidance in Japanese society as claimed by Hofstede. Uncertainty avoidance was the reason why Mr. Higashi insisted to deal with the foreign JETS in the Japanese way. Because Mr. Higashi had lived all his life in Japan, the belief of conforming to social norms was deeply rooted in him. Shaules (2008) asserts that Japanese prefer to resolve conflicts in an indirect and mediated manner, whereas westerners tend to adopt a direct rule-based approach. This explains why the JET participants clearly referred to the contract and tried to resolve the sick leave issue with Mr. Higashi in a direct manner. On the other hand, even though Mr. Higashi was extremely agitated, he still chose to resolve the matter through the accountant rather than clarifying it there and then. 3.1.3 Collectivism Various literature (Adhikari, 2005; Brightman, 2005; Javidan et al., 2005; Lucier et al., 1992; Oishi et al., 2005; Shaules, 2008; Wang et al., 2005) claims that Japan is a highly collective society, which means that the needs of a group are always viewed as more important than individual needs, and  individuals are expected to sacrifice their own needs if there is a conflict between them. On the contrary, western societies tend to encourage individualism (Hofstede, 1991; Javidan et al., 2005). Scholars believe that the strong level of collectivism in Japan is due to the influence of Confucian values, which emphasize group orientation, relationships between individuals and showing respect (Fang, 2003, Wang et al., 2005; Yan, 2004). This explains why Japanese employees are so dedicated to their work and have great loyalty to their employers, whereas the JET participants prefer to use every single day of their holiday and fulfil their personal goals. 3.1.4 Masculinity Japan ranked No.1 in masculinity in Hofstede’s (2001) findings. Women often leave their work to look after the family after getting married, therefore, very few women work at the senior management level in Japan (Adhikari, 2005; Kei et al., 2010). This was the reason why all senior Japanese employees in the JET program were men. This also explains why Mr. Higashi kept asking Kelly to sign up to flower arranging classes or tea ceremony, as these were traditionally considered women’s activities. 3.1.5 Long-term Orientation Japan has a long-term oriented culture whereas western cultures tend to be short-term oriented (Lucier et al., 1992; Fang, 2003). One of the key characteristics of Japanese-style management is lifetime employment (Adhikari, 2005; Lucier et al., 1992). This was why the Japanese employees and supervisors all complained that the JET participants were never long enough to become part of the team, as they viewed the organization as a long-term family. On the other hand, Kelly had a short-term aim to make money, see the other part of the world and improve her Japanese. With this mismatch between the goals of the Japanese and western employees, neither of them could understand each other. 3.2 Personality The Big Five Model identified five factors of personality: extroversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness to experience (Robbins and Judge, 2007; Roccas et al., 2002). It was clear that the JET participants and the Japanese employees had very different personalities. For example, Mark is an introvert who prefers to work alone, whereas most  Japanese employees tend to be extroverts who enjoy social gatherings after work. Mr. Higashi and other Japanese employees are highly conscientious whereas the JET participants are less so. The JET participants have lower emotional stability because they tend to get angry and distressed easily. In order to increase employee job satisfaction and reduce turnover, Holland (1996) and Gardner et al. (2012) promote the theory of Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit. This means to fit an individual’s personality with the characteristics of the job and the organization. The JET program should learn from the issues identified in this report and aim to increase the Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit in its future recruitment process. 4. CONCLUSION This report analyzed the critical decisions and issues in the case study from a personality and values perspective. The analysis was mainly based on Hofstede’s Framework, together with the Big Five Model, GLOBE Framework and Holland’s Person-Job Fit theory. It has been identified that the weaknesses of the decisions were mainly due to the lack of mutual understanding in culture and values. Different personalities also affected the harmony of the work relationship in this case. The next section will list the recommended actions in order to overcome the weaknesses identified in the analysis. 5. RECOMMENDATIONS The JET program is advised to take the following actions: 1. to introduce Japanese language requirements for all JET participants; 2. to assess the applicants’ personality in order to increase Personality-Job fit and Person-Organization fit; 3. to revise the remuneration package of JET participants so that they receive less salary than the Japanese supervisors; 4. to appoint a lawyer experienced in employment contract to draft a detailed and rigorous contract; 5. to make pre-departure training and orientation a compulsory requirement for JET participants; 6. to provide cross-cultural training to Japanese employees; 7. to consider extending the  maximum term of the JET participants’ contract or even consider offering permanent positions. ​- 7 – REFERENCES Adhikari, D. R. (2005) National Factors and Employment Relations in Japan, Japan Institute of Labour Policy and Training, Tokyo. Available from [accessed: 30/10/2013]. Brightman, J.D. (2005) Asian Culture Brief Japan, National Technical Assistance Centre, 2(6), available from [accessed 31/10/2013] Fang, T. (2003) ‘A critique of Hofstede’s fifth national culture dimension’, International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 3(3), pp.347-368. Gardner, W.L., Reithel, B.J., Cogliser, C.C., Walumbwa, F.O. and Foley, R.T. (2012), ‘Matching personality and organizational culture: effects of recruitment strategy and the Five-Factor Model on Subjective Person-Organization Fit’, Management Communication Quarterly, 26(4), pp.585-622. Hofstede, G. (1980) Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-related Values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage. Hofstede, G. (1983) ‘Dimensions of National Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions’, In: J.B. Deregowski, S. Dziurawiec and R.C. Annis (eds.) Expiscations in Cross-cultural Psychology, pp. 335-355. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger. Hofstede, G. (1991) Cultures and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: McGraw-Hill. Hofstede, G. (1993) ‘Cultural Constraints in Management Theories’, Academy of Management Executive, 7(1), pp. 81-94. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture’s Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions, and Organizations across Nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Holland, J.L. (1996) ‘’Exploring careers with a typology: What we have learned and some new directions’, American Psychologist, 51, pp.397-406. House, R., Javidan, M.,Hanges, P. and Dorfman, P. (2001) ‘Project GLOBE: An Introduction’, Applied Psychology: An international Review, 50(4), pp.489-505. House, R., Javidan, M. and Dorfman, P. (2002) â€Å"Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: an introduction to project GLOBE†, Journal of World Business, 37, pp. 3-10. Javidan, M., Stahl., G.K., Brodbeck, F. and Wilderom, C.P.M. (2005) â€Å"Cross-border transfer of knowledge: Cultural lessons from Project GLOBE†, Academy of Management Executive, 19(2), pp. 59-76. Kei, K., Koichi, T. and Miwako, H. (2010) The survey of Japanese value orientation: analysis of trends over thirty-five years, NHK Broadcasting Studies, Japan. Lucier, C., Boucher, M. White, J. Cangemi, J. and Kowalski, C. (1992) ‘Exploring values of Japanese and American management systems’, Education, 112(4), pp. 487-498. Oishi, S., Hajm, J., Schimmack, U., Radhakrishan, P., Dzokoto, V. and Ahadi, S. (2005), ‘The measurement of values across cultures: a pairwise comparison approach’, Journal of Research and Personality, 39, pp.299-305. Robbins, S. P. and Judge, T. A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour, 12th Ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Roccas, S. Sagiv, L., Schwarts, S.H. and Knafo, A. (2002) ‘The Big Five personality factors and personal values’, PSPB, 28(6), pp.789-801. Shaules, J. (2008) ‘The deep culture of Japanese values’, tcworld, available from [accessed 30/10/2013]. Wang, J., Wang, G.G., Ruona, W.E.A. and Rojewski, J.W.(2005), ‘Confucian values and the implications for international HRD’, Human Resource Development International, 8(3), pp.311-326. Yan, J. (2004) ‘The influence of Confucian ideology on conflict in Chinese family business’, International Journal of Cross Culture Management, 4(1), pp. 5-17.

Clara Y Lim-Sylianco Essay Example

Clara Y Lim Clara Y Lim-Sylianco Paper Clara Y Lim-Sylianco Paper Dr. Clara Lim-Sylianco is a Filipino scientist known on her works on mutagens, anti-mutagens, and Carcinogenic chemicals found in various fruits and vegetables. She also authored schoolbooks that are still makes use in schools nowadays. She received the Gregorio Y. Zara award in 1979; she also served as the UP Endowment Professorial Chair in chemistry from 1974-1977, and was a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1958. Dr. Sylianco has done a lot of work on mutagens, antimutagens, and bio-organic mechanisms where she has more than 50 scientific articles, 7 books and 5 monographs to her name. Her books are used as textbooks in college chemistry courses in many schools throughout the country.For her achievements, Dr. Sylianco received the Gregorio Y. Zara award, 1977; UP Endowment Professorial Chair in Chemistry, 1974-1977; and was Fellow of the Royal Society, 1958. Dr. Clara Y Lim-Sylianco is a Filipino chemist, who has written several notable books and is renowned for her research into mutagens, anti-mutagens and other reactions related to bio-organic issues. Her research was primarily focused around the chemicals found in fruits and vegetables. Her findings led to the popularization of the Coconut Oil diet. If you would like to copy this paper, use our anti-plagiarism checker before submitting it! In 1989, Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco was also appointed as a member of the International Advisory Committee on Anti-mutagens. During her illustrious career, she has managed to publish seven books and five monographs that cover a variety of topics that she has researched. That includes publications that address genetic toxicology, molecular nutrition, biochemistry, and organic chemistry, among other topics of interest. She is considered to be one of the leaders in this field, and is looked upon by the international community as an important source of knowledge and worthwhile researcher. Her publications are used as textbooks in universities throughout the Philippines and further abroad. For her work, Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco was awarded a number of different awards and positions of significance. These include but are not limited to her appointment as an Elected Academician by the NAST in 1980, the Outstanding Faculty award by the University of the Philippines in 1985, and the CASAA Award of Distinction in Biochemistry in 1985. She also was a Fellow at the Royal Society of Chemistry in London, and the New York Academy of Sciences. This international experience has helped shape her work into organic chemistry and mutagens. Within the Philippines, Clara Y. Lim-Sylianco contributed a great deal of knowledge to the research of native plants and their chemical makeup. She worked on a paper regarding the determination of oxalates and calcium in plants native to the Philippines, riboflavin levels, tryptophan, and the antimutagenic effects of vitamins on different parts of the body. These research results were published and compiled in many cases into organic chemistry textbooks for the public or students to take note of. To make notice of all this work, she was confirmed as a National Scientist of the Philippines in 1994, which is the highest honor that can be bestowed upon a working scientist by the President. She was born on 18 August 1925 in Guihulngan in the province of Negros Oriental in the Philippines. Her academic career spans over 50 years and includes the following landmarks: 1949 B.Sc. (Chemistry), Silliman University 1953 M.Sc. (Chemistry), University of the Philippines 1957 PhD (Bio-Chemistry and Organic Chemistry), University of Iowa 1980 elected as an Academician 1989 appointed as member of International Advisory Committee on Anti-Mutagens 1994 conferred as an Academician Dr Lim-Sylianco has written more than 50 scientific articles, 7 books and 5 monographs. Her books continue to be prominently used as textbooks for college chemistry courses across the world in the modern day. She is considered to be one of the leaders in the field of genetic toxicology and molecular nutrition The research conducted by Dr Lim-Sylianco into mutagens and anti-mutagens at the University of the Philippines helped earn her laboratory at the university, the distinction of becoming an international training center. In her home country of the Philippines, Dr Lim-Sylianco was honored with the title of National Scientist of the Philippines in 1994. This is the highest honor that can be bestowed upon a working scientist by the President of the Philippines. She was born in the Philippines in 1925 and is still alive today. She studied in both the Philippines and the USA. Dr :Lim Sylianco is a biochemist and organic chemist who has been awarded the title of National Scientist in her own country. Her main contribution has been in the field of environmental mutagens, and she has written books which are studied in science departments in a number of universities.

Biography of Frederick Chopin Essays

Biography of Frederick Chopin Essays Biography of Frederick Chopin Paper Biography of Frederick Chopin Paper Biography of Frederick Chopin BY HRHaya1 Composer Style Report: Fredric Chopin French Revolution signified a time of great change, influencing not only the political and cultural atmospheres of France and Europe but human society as a whole. The message of liberty, equality and fraternity were spread worldwide setting the stage for free thinkers and encouraging men of action to pursue independent endeavors through the Age of Enlightenment. Resulting partially from the libertarian and egalitarian ideals of the French Revolution and Age of Enlightenment, the Romantic Movement aimed to revolt against the prescribed rules and rigidity of its classical predecessors. The Classical Period was, in fact, a short era, generally spanning the second half of the eighteenth century. Of the various composers of this age, there are only three who are very widely known: Mozart, Haydn and Beethoven. The Romantic Era, however, produced many more composers whose names and music are still familiar and popular today: Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Chopin and Mendelssohn to name a few. Seeking new freedoms by rebelling against traditional ideas about art and reativity, the Romantics ignored realism and instead drew inspiration from emotions, dreams and the imaginative. Romantic artists celebrated nature, patriotism, passion, and the mystical world. 2 Contemporary musicians, though swept up in romantic ideals, respected the composers of earlier generations, such as Back, Mozart, and especially Beethoven. They continued to write symphonies, concertos, sonatas, and operas, all forms that were popular with composers of the preceding Classical Era. They also adhered to the rules that these musical forms followed through maintenance of the rubrics of rhythm, melody, harmony, harmonic rogression, tuning and performance practices of the Classical period. 3 Yet Romantic musicians yearned for new musical expression and sought to use richer harmonies and changing tempos. Emotional themes were very popular with an emphasis on feelings and expressive aspects of the music. The Romantic spirit often found inspiration in poetic texts, legends, and folk tales. The linking of words and music either programmatically or through such forms as the concert overture and incidental music is another distinguishing feature of Romantic music. 4 The possibilities for dramatic expressiveness in music were amplified by the erfection of the instrumental range and by the proliferation of specific instruments as the preferred means of composition and expression. Frederic Chopin propelled the Romantic Era to its fullest heights, significantly contributed to the rise of the piano as the ideal 19th-century instrument. Though he differs greatly from his Romantic contemporaries with music that is revered as some of the most technically demanding for the piano, he is known more for his nuance, his expressive depth and his ability to conjure up the melody of the human voice from the instruments keys. For such achievements and his superb blend of skill and artistry, Chopin was known as the Poet of the Piano. 5 Born in Zelazowa Wola, Poland, Chopin was a piano prodigy at an early age, playing his first concert at the age of 7 and publishing his first composition gaining him national recognition by the age ot 15 6 Chopin illustrates himselt as a true Romantic composer through is devotion to his homeland of Poland. Throughout the Romantic Period, music often took on a nationalistic purpose. Leaving Poland to perform across Europe, Chopin never lost his love and connection to his home ountry. He eventually settled in Paris but was forever marked by the sense of loss and national tragedy that overwhelmed Poland when Warsaw fell to the Russians in 1838. 7 As Chopin never returned to Poland after his departure at the age of 20, the composer retained a sense of mourning over his lost past and that very nostalgia is one of the key features of his music and all Romantic music. Chopins nationalistic ties to Romanticism can easily found in his musical creations. Throughout this lifetime, Chopin composed 15 polonaises and 58 mazurkas. Initially, these ompositions illustrate Chopins affinity for certain forms of expression due, in part, to his desire to retain clarity to structure. However, they also serve as an indication of two means by which Chopin expressed his links with his beloved homeland the Polonaise, a composition with a more martial, patriotic fervor and the Mazurka, a composition with a more intimate, melancholy longing. 8 The Mazurka, a composite of three distinct dance types rather than any single dance in particular gave Chopin a form in which to introduce many typically Polish harmonic, rhythmic, and melodic elements. Chopin elevated this folk dance to an art form yet managed to save the Mazurkas native charm and uniqueness. This evoked an exotic world, feeling and distinction to these compositions that epitomizes them as Romantic in character. Chopins music is iconic of the Romantic era. However, unlike his contemporaries, Chopin was not inspired at all by nature or poetry. His compositions were of a purer nature that was meant to be understood in purely musical terms without evoking literary or pictorial elements from the past. 10 Chopin broke from tradition and pioneer new musical ideas by the use of new harmonies, rhythms, and unusual yricism. The development of dissonance added tension and tragic emotion to his music. Several of these elements gave Chopins music a distinction, separating him as unique from his fellow artists. Chopin accelerated the genre of the nocturnes, invented by Irish composer John Field, to a whole new level. The Chopin nocturnes comprise of twenty-one short pieces for solo piano. Chopins nocturnes are considered the finest solo works for the piano. These nocturnes have had a major impact on music from Chopins lifetime and post-death. Chopins style influenced many succeeding composers such as Debussy nd Schoenberg. His romantic style influenced the remainder of the nineteenth century and extended well into the twentieth century. ll Even today, his works are still very popular pieces in Romantic music. Agnew, Signeli. Profile of Fredric Chopin: Poet of the Piano. PBS. PBS, n. d. Web. 11 July 2013. Aguilar, Jorge. Frederick Chopin: His Musical Styles. Frederick Chopin: His Musical Styles. University of Florida, 2003. Web. 11 July 2013. Alciatore, Robin. The Music of Fredric Chopin. Robin Alciatore. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 July 2013. Christopher, Lau. Romanticism Music. Romanticism. Penn State University, n. d. web. 11 July 2013. Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica. Romanticism: Visual Arts. Encyclopedia Britannica Online. Encyclopedia Britannica, 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 11 July 2013. Libbey, Ted. The Life And Of Fredenc Chopin. NPR. NPR, 02 Mar. 2010. web. 11 July 2013. Malaspina, Ann. A Romantic Composer. Chopins World. New York: Rosen Central, Romantic Music Part Two. Romantic Music Part Two. N. p. , n. d. Web. 11 July 2013. Schmidt-Jones, Catherine. The Music of the Romantic Era. Connexions. Connexions, 18 Jan. 2013. web. 11 July 2013.

Intertextuality In Films Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Intertextuality In Films - Essay Example The basic concept of intertextuality is that no text, much as it might like to appear so, is original and unique in itself. It is very useful concept; some might also say it is essential for literary studies. generally it is concerned with the cultural sign system. Intertextuality frequently occurs in popular media such as television shows, movies and even interactive video games. In these , intertextuality is often used to provide depth to the fictional reality portrayed in the medium, such as characters in one television show mentioning characters from another.intertextuality was first proposed by Julia Kristeva . According to her a single text that can consists of many texts or it is act of changing one set of sign into another. the use of intertextuality is perhaps the most useful and essential method of ensuring a successful show or film in today’s marketplace. as there are many source of entertainment available in today’s life apart from films, it is very useful f or modern and new directors to attract a particular audience. many directors and film makers refer to previous and old books, novels ,songs, history or remake many popular films, because the audience get familiar with the next story they see hear or read will remind them of some thing they have already experienced.

Memorandum For A Workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memorandum For A Workplace - Essay Example Not many people take pleasure in receiving criticism, but participants concur that everybody can minimize its sting. To avoid this I as an HR consultant for this company is advising few suggestions by which we all can lessen its severity: Think about the starting place of Criticism. Is this a person whose estimation you esteem Is the intention to assist you improved, or only to make you sense like a bum Is the opponent conversant about the subject he or she is criticizing you on The third and the very most important concern is the increasing noise at workplace including dinning hall and washrooms. Keep in mind, sound is what we listen to. Noise is not a needed sound. The dissimilarity between sound and noise relies upon the listener and the conditions. Noise can promote irritation, strain and obstruction with speech communication which s the main apprehension in noisy offices. If you are conversing with your workmate and if you notice any one or all of the following change, it means that the workers in our office are facing listening problems: The above-mentioned three concerns are from now on being observed at strict measures. Not obeying them means going against the rules and regulation, for which extreme measures might be taken later on. If noticed, these are beneficial for all of us as successful employee's of this organization and as well gives a better impression to visitors. Furthermore, I as an HR Manag